writers of puritan and restoration age

THE PURITAN AGE (1620-1660) :-

Puritan Age in English Literature: Historical Background After the death of James I in 1625, the new monarch Charles I took religious persecution to a new level. He was asked by the Parliament to sign the petition of rights but he continued to show open disregard to Parliament and people. The Seventeenth Century up to 1660 was dominated by Puritanism and it may be called the Puritan Age or the Age of Milton who was the noblest representative of the Puritan spirit. Broadly speaking, the Puritan movement in literature may be considered as the second and greater Renaissance. 

 "The Puritan Age" session videos :-

JOHN MILTON (1608-1674) :-

Shakespeare and Milton are the two figures that tower conspicuously above the goodly fellowship of men who have made our literature famous. Each is representative of the age that produced him, and together they form a suggestive commentary upon the two forces that rule our humanity,--the force of impulse and the force of a fixed purpose. Shakespeare is the poet of impulse, of the loves, hates, fears, jealousies, and ambitions that swayed the men of his age. 

LIFE of  Milton:-

John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell .As a Protestant, he believed that the individual reader should interpret the Bible. He is chiefly famous for his epic  poem Paradise Lost and for his defense of uncensored  publication. John Milton was born on December 9, 1608, in London, England. Early Life & Education John Milton was born in London on December 9, 1608 to John and Sara Milton. He had an older sister Anne, and a younger brother Christopher, and several siblings who died before reaching adulthood.

JOHN MILTON Poems:-

 The poetic style of John Milton, also known as Miltonic verse, Miltonic epic, or Miltonic blank verse, was a highly influential poetic structure popularized by Milton. Although Milton wrote earlier poetry, his influence is largely grounded in his later poems: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes .That style took the form of numerous references and allusions, complex vocabulary, complicated grammatical constructions, and extended similes and images. In consciously doing these things, Milton devised a means of giving the written epic the bardic grandeur of the original recited epic.

Greatest Poems Written by John Milton:--

• “On His Blindness” (1655):-

The poem On His Blindness is an autobiographical sonnet in which he expresses his feelings as a blind person. The poet thinks, in the beginning, that he will not be able to serve God as his sight is gone.

•  Samson Agonistes (1671):-

Milton expresses his sentiments about his own going blind, and the implications of God's treatment of him. He finds the Biblical Samson a typical model to explore the issue of God's justice and man's duty and faith in the face of the troubles and tests of life.

•  “On his Deceased Wife” (1658):-

Famous poems, famous poets. - All Poetry Sonnet XXIII. On His Deceased Wife Rescu'd from death by force though pale and faint. So clear, as in no face with more delight. I wak'd, she fled, and day brought back my night.

•  Paradise Lost (1667):-

Paradise Lost is about Adam and Eve how they came to be created and how they came to lose their place in the Garden of Eden, also called Paradise.

• “On Shakespeare” (1630):-

“On Shakespeare” develops the primary theme of immortality through artistic creation. A commonplace idea in Renaissance and seventeenth century poetry, it is pervasive in Shakespeare’s sonnets, which celebrate a poet’s power to endow the subject with immortality.

•  “To Cyriack Skinner” (1656):-
  
  
  

Mr. Cyriack Skinner, whose name is already well known in association with that of Milton, appears, from a pedigree communicated by James Pulman, Esq., Portcullis Poursuivant at Arms, to have been the grandson of Sir Vincent Skinner or Skynner, knight, whose eldest son and heir, William Skinner, of Thornton College in the County of Lincoln,  married Bridget, second daughter of Sir Edward Coke, knight, Chief Justice of England. 

•  “On His Being Arrived to the Age of Twenty-Three” (1631):-

On His Being Arrived At The Age of Twenty- three The poem On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty- three is a devotional sonnet written in an autobiographical form and contains the poet’s reflections on his late maturing. The dominating passion of his life is ‘ to justify the ways of God to man’ and write in praise of God.

•  “L’Allegro” (1633):-

The pastoral poem, ‘L’ALLEGRO, is a companion piece to ‘IL’PENSEROSO. The poem essentially outlines the events of one day, spent for the most part in the countryside, where the pleasures of the country and the beauty of the rural landscape are explored.

"L'Allegro" and "II Penseroso" are twin poems, containing many lines and short descriptive passages which linger in the mind like strains of music, and which are known and loved wherever English is spoken. "L'Allegro" (the joyous or happy man) is like an excursion into the English fields at sunrise. The air is sweet; birds are singing; a multitude of sights, sounds, fragrances, fill all the senses; and to this appeal of nature the soul of man responds by being happy, seeing in every flower and hearing in every harmony some exquisite symbol of human life. "Il Penseroso" takes us over the same ground at twilight and at moonrise. The air is still fresh and fragrant; the symbolism is, if possible, more tenderly beautiful than before; but the gay mood is gone, though its memory lingers in the afterglow of the sunset. 

•  “Il Penseroso” (1633):-

Il Penseroso (The Serious Man) is a vision of poetic melancholy by John Milton, first found in the 1645/1646 quarto of verses The Poems of Mr. John Milton, both English and Latin, published by Humphrey Moseley. It was presented as a companion piece to L'Allegro, a vision of poetic mirth. The speaker of this reflective odedispels "vain deluding Joys" from his mind in a ten-line prelude, before invoking "divinest Melancholy" to inspire his future verses. 

•  “Song on May Morning” (1632–33):-

The Flowry May, who from her green lap throws The yellow Cowslip, and the pale Primrose. Hail bounteous May that dost inspire Mirth and youth, and warm desire, Woods and Groves, are of thy dressing, Hill and Dale, doth boast thy blessing. Thus we salute thee with our early Song, And welcom thee, and wish thee long.

• Lycidas:-
  
  
  

 "Lycidas," a pastoral elegy written in 1637, and the last of his Horton poems, Milton is no longer the inheritor of the old age, but the prophet of a new. A college friend, Edward King, had been drowned in the Irish Sea, and Milton follows the poetic custom of his age by representing both his friend and himself in the guise of shepherds leading the pastoral life. Milton also uses all the symbolism of his predecessors, introducing fauns, satyrs, and sea nymphs; but again the Puritan is not content with heathen symbolism, and so introduces a new symbol of the Christian shepherd responsible for the souls of men, whom he likens to hungry sheep that look up and are not fed. 

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PERIOD OF THE RESTORATION (1660-1700)

In English literature the period from 1660 to 1700 is called the period of Restoration, because monarchy was restored in England, and Charles II, the son of Charles I who had been defeated and beheaded, came back to England from his exile in France and became the King . The Restoration Period (1660-1700) After the Restoration in 1660, when Charles II came to the throne, there was a complete repudiation of the Puritan ideals and way of living. In English literature the period from 1660 to 1700 is called the period of Restoration, because monarchy was restored in England, and Charles II, the son of Charles I who had been defeated and beheaded, came back to England from his exile in France and became the King.

SESSION VIDEOS OF "PERIOD OF THE RESTORATION :-

 

JOHN DRYDEN (1631-1700):-

John Dryden was an English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who was appointed England's first Poet Laureate in 1668. He is seen as dominating the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles as the Age of Dryden. Romanticist writer Sir Walter Scott called him "Glorious John".

Life :-

Dryden was born in the village of Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, in 1631. His family were prosperous people, who brought him up in the strict Puritan faith, and sent him first to the famous Westminster school and then to Cambridge. He made excellent use of his opportunities and studied eagerly, becoming one of the best educated men of his age, especially in the classics. Though of remarkable literary taste, he showed little evidence of literary ability up to the age of thirty. By his training and family connections he was allied to the Puritan party, and his only well-known work of this period, the "Heroic Stanzas," was written on the death of Cromwell.

The Hind and the Panther :-

 

A milk-white Hind, immortal and unchanged,
Fed on the lawns and in the forest ranged;
Without unspotted, innocent within,
She feared no danger, for she knew no sin.

This hind is a symbol for the Roman Church; and the Anglicans, as a panther, are represented as persecuting the faithful. Numerous other sects Calvinists, Anabaptists, Quakers were represented by the wolf, boar, hare, and other animals, which gave the poet an excellent chance for exercising his satire. Dryden's enemies made the accusation, often since repeated, of hypocrisy in thus changing his church; but that he was sincere in the matter can now hardly be questioned, for he knew how to "suffer for the faith" and to be true to his religion, even when it meant misjudgment and loss of fortune.

work:- 

John Dryden (1631-1700) was the leading writer of his day and a major cultural spokesman following the restoration of Charles II in 1660. His work includes political poems, satire, religious apologias, translations, critical essays and plays. This authoritative edition brings together a unique combination of Dryden's poetry and prose--all the major poems in full, literary criticism, and translations--to give the essence of his work and thinking.

The collection includes the poems, MacFlecknoe and Absalom and Achitophel as well as Dryden's classical translations; his versions of Homer, Horace, and Ovid are reproduced in full. There are also substantial selections A Dryden's Virgil, Juvenal, and other classical writers. Fables, Ancient and Modern, taken from Chaucer, Ovid, Boccaccio, and Homer, his last and possibly greatest work, also appears in full.

• Absalom and Achitophel:- 
  
  
  

Absalom and Achitophel is a heroic satire written by John Dryden in 1681-1682. John Dryden is an English poet, playwright, translator, essayist, and literary theorist. Along with Shakespeare and Milton, he is considered as one of the most influential and greatest representatives of English Literature of the 17th century.

• Alexander's Feast, or the Power of Music:-
  
  
  

Alexander's Feast, or the Power of Music is an  written by John Dryden . It was written in 1697 in celebration of Saint Cecelia's day. The original ode was set to music by the musician Jeremiah Clarke, but, due to its relative obscurity at the time and the fact that it was created more than four centuries ago, the score is now lost.

• Happy the Man:-
  
  
  

• Happy the Man is one of 's most familiar short poems to the modern reader. And yet, this poem is not entirely of his own making. In addition to being a playwright and prodigious creator of unique poetic flights of fancy, Dryden began to establish yet another reputation in the later period of his life: that of England’s foremost translators of classical works of the past into the English language. “Happy the Man” is representative of this twilight era of Dryden’s long and illustrious career, as it is actually part of a comprehensive translation of the Odes of Horace, a major literary figure from the Roman Empire.

• Mac Flecknoe

Mac Flecknoe is one of the four major satires of esteemed English poet John Dryden. The poem is personal satire that has for its target Thomas Shadwell, another poet who had offended Dryden with his aesthetic and political leanings. 

• The Medal Background

In 1681, a grand jury was convened in Middlesex to consider a bill of charges filed against the Earl of Shaftesbury on the grounds of having committed high treason. The Earl of Shaftesbury had already been earlier immortalized through his infamous representation in Dryden’s landmark work Absalom and Achitophel  along with hints and suggestions that he also makes a rather furtive and less obvious appearance as the title character of Dryden’s 1679 comedy Mr. Limberham.  

A Song for St. Cecelia's Day:-

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john Dryden “A Song for St. Cecelia's day" is a long-form poem published in 1687, in celebration of a religious holiday commemorating St. Cecilia, a Catholic martyr and patron saint of music and musicians. Dryden, in this poem, celebrates music and its intimacy with human emotion, religious truth, and the makings of the universe. The speaker describes a variety of different musical instruments as well as narratives that involve both music and Christian faith.

• Ah, How Sweet It Is To Love Background

 John Dryden was England's first Poet Laureate (1668) and still remains an influential poet in the British literary canon. He has written some of the most valuable work that has emerged from Restoration England, to the extent that the period was defined by many of his innovations.

• All for Love:-
  
  
  

Dryden himself acknowledged that his 1667 play All for love is an imitation of William Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra, which was written in the early 1600s). It is a heroic drama that follows many of the same story beats of Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra, but Dryden confines the action of the story to Alexandria and details the last hours of Anthony and Cleopatra's doomed relationship. It examines not only the end of their relationship, but the end of the Egyptian empire.

• The Hind and the Panther Background:-
  
  
  

The poem "The Hind and the Panther" was written and published in 1687 by Dryden, being an allegory regarding religion. During the time Dryden wrote his poem, he left the Church of England and converted to Catholicism. The poem is the longest poem written by Dryden and also his most controversial one because of the subject chosen in relation with the historical context.

• Marriage A-La-Mode:-
  
  
  

Marriage à la Mode is widely regarded as john Dryden's most famous play. It was first performed in London by the King's Company in 1673, and centers around two different plots that entangle in a tragicomic web of mistaken identity, romantic provocation, and courtly intrigue. The text mixes prose, blank verse, and heroic couplets and is widely known for its witty dialogue and pithy assessment of human nature.

• Religio Laici, Or a Layman's Faith Background:-
  
  
  

British poet laureate John Dryden lived in a time when religious turmoil and political turmoil were intertwined to the point of confusion. The answer to the question of whether you considered yourself a Catholic or a Protestant had the power to lead you down a very dark road if answered incorrectly. The question of Catholic or Protestant was also a political point of contention, focusing on the very legitimacy of who sat on the throne as monarch of England. As the issues became more turbulent, they spilled over in the world of literature, and John Dryden was the first or only poet to take his pen to composition on the matter.

• To The Memory of Mr. Oldham Background:-
  
  
  

The poem was written by John Dryden who grieved the death of the poet John Oldham, whom Dryden admired as a “ generous and vigorous “ poet who can breaks the rule of simply writing “ to the dull sweets of rhyme.”

Dryden's Influence on Literature

.Dryden's place among authors is due partly to his great influence on the succeeding age of classicism. Briefly, this influence may be summed up by noting the three new elements which he brought into our literature. These are: (1) the establishment of the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry; (2) his development of a direct, serviceable prose style such as we still cultivate; and (3) his development of the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems. This is certainly a large work for one man to accomplish, and Dryden is worthy of honor, though comparatively little of what he wrote is now found on our bookshelves. 

THANK YOU

DILIP BARAD SIR

WORDS :-2791

Macbeth

Introduction :-

  I think that 21st century text is anything that has to do with the modern era. It has to deal with the technology, the language, the art, and the entertainment. Macbeth is defiantly outdated with the storyline and the culture but the poetry and the themes are still very relevant. Even though people cannot relate to Macbeth murdering a king to become king, people can relate to the guilt and shame that Macbeth felt throughout the book. So in the very literal sense Macbeth is not up to date in his language, and his metaphors but if a person were to read between the lines and get the deeper of the book they will find it easy to relate to. I defiantly feel that audiences can still grow and learn from reading this book. It has a very timeless meaning to it any person at any age can relate in some way or another.

Macbeth discussion  session by " Dilip Barad sir " :-

Relevance of Macbeth in the 21st Century :-

Shakespeare's play “Macbeth” continues to remain relevant to contemporary society through his exploration of ambition, a political and ethical value that is a double-edged sword, able to provide success and catastrophic failure.

I think that 21st century text is anything that has to do with the modern era. It has to deal with the technology, the language, the art, and the entertainment. Macbeth is defiantly outdated with the storyline and the culture but the poetry and the themes are still very relevant. Even though people cannot relate to Macbeth murdering a king to become king, people can relate to the guilt and shame that Macbeth felt throughout the book. So in the very literal sense Macbeth is not up to date in his language, and his metaphors but if a person were to read between the lines and get the deeper of the book they will find it easy to relate to. I defiantly feel that audiences can still grow and learn from reading this book. It has a very timeless meaning to it any person at any age can relate in some way or another.

 Macbeth will be a text that will be read for a long time. It is very much a 21st text, because of how many schools use it in their curriculums. Many English classes use it to help students to understand and take in the olden literature of Shakespeare. Macbeth, is in a way difficult to understand the old style of writing and speaking, but once you can learn the main messeage that Shakespeare is trying to portray, there is a deep meaning within his stories. Macbeth is very moving and a very bloody story, but it can get a message across to students who read the old text. Macbeth is a text about trust, remorse, and other such feelings that is important to the student life and in the past, it was even used in colleges. Now that our education system is getting more advanced, schools are now using Macbeth in highschools. This shows that Macbeth will be used for a very long time for more than just educational purposes.

Macbeth v/s present day :-

• Ambition:-
  
  
  
• Muder:-
  
  
  
• Violence:-
  
  
  

  
  

Many people may consider Shakespeare old fashion, and definatley not a 21st century writer. Yet, in my own opinion i feel that Shakespeare had alot of 21st century thoughts and ideas in his plays. In Macbeth for instance Shakespeare uses 21st ideas such as guilt, betrayal, and love. All three of those ideas are still currently used in modern day 21st century Hollywood. His work might've been written 500 years ago, but his writings still have the same meaning now as they did then.

A person that lives in the 21st century has more to read from than a person who lives in the past. Everyone in today's world has so many books to choose from that they can read. Text has been changing from one century to the other ever since it started. The text in the 21st century is more simple than the text used from other centuries. Anyways, Macbeth does consider to be a 21st century text to me because it still persuades the same ideas from other centuries ago. The ideas that are used in Macbeth are still used today in movies, literature, and tv. Every quote in Macbeth has a signifance to our text in the 21st century. Audiences who read Macbeth will still understand what the meaning of the text is. By reading Macbeth audiences can grow from Macbeth and still understand what the text means in the future. Text from other centuries will never disappear because it still is used with text from this century.

Now, onto some psychological issues throughout the play. They are seen in both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, and both revolve around the guilt that they have for the deeds they have committed. Macbeth has seen visions twice throughout the book, once in act two, and the second time in act three. The first vision that Macbeth has is of “A dagger of the mind, a false creation.” 

Ambition and Power:-

Ambition is still a popular theme because it leads to interesting consequences and it is an interesting motivation for characters. Guilt and remorse is still relevant today because people today still feel guilt and remorse when they do something wrong. It allows people to relate to the story.

   In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the themes of ambition and power corrupting are presented as vices of the protagonist, Macbeth, and serve to cause his tragic downfall. Macbeth first gains power in the beginning of the play when he defeats the Thane of Cawdor, a traitor to Scotland. The Witches professed this and it caused Macbeth to believe that whatever they said would come true. When they told him he would one day become the King of Scotland, he decided to take a bloody path, which progressively led him to more power. As his power grew, his corruption did as well, and he simply got rid of any person that threatened his kingship by killing them. Macbeth’s power and ambition untimely commenced to lead him down a slippery, murderous downfall. 

Macbeth’s ambition is the essential reason why he turned from a noble Thane to a violent and bloody tyrant. Initially after gaining the title of Thane of Cawdor, he remained humble and morally upright. However, soon after the victory, he heard of the Witches’ prophecy and realized the untapped ambition within himself. Although he had come across ambition, his intention to use it was little. It was Lady Macbeth that fully persuaded Macbeth to use his ambition in order to gain power and position. Under her influence, Macbeth murdered King Duncan to gain kingship and killed the Chamberlains in order to cover up his wrongdoing. His ambition next led him to kill Banquo, a trustworthy, noble, and moral friend. This murder showed just how out of control Macbeth had gotten. At this point, he was no longer under the influence of Lady Macbeth and began to view Banquo as a threat to his advancement instead of an asset to the wellbeing of Scotland. Finally, Macbeth conducts his last major act of violence by murdering Macduff’s family after he is warned that Macduff is in England assembling an army against Macbeth. This killing was wholly purposeless. Macduff was bound to attack Macbeth, because he regarded him as a tyrant. He knew Macbeth was no longer suited to be in a position of authority over Scotland, and this only helped his case.  

         Modern society:-

Macbeth is a tale of ambition and so Shakespeare uses the titular character's motives to convey the dangers of being too ambitious. We can relate this to modern society as it is human nature to succumb to temptation and so Shakespeare gives warning of the outcome of ambition. The play was written to scare off anyone trying to overthrow King James - implying that anyone that would dare do so was in alliance with the devil (as Macbeth was with the witches) and that they would suffer an unsavoury downfall like Macbeth - and also to win favour with the new king. Today, this still carries an important message as it teaches the reader to exercise restraint when it comes to their secret desires and to be aware of the consequences that these desires hold. Macbeth, during the time the play was written, would have been considered a villain, however, we as contemporary readers recognise that Macbeth was only human and could not help but wonder at what could be instead of accepting his new title of Thane of Cawdor. Take, for example, a gambler. They make a small win and feel invincible so keep betting and betting because their greed consumes their rational thinking and soon, instead of winning, they risk all and lose. Just like the eponymous character, they lose themselves in the possibility of something better. Macbeth is an exaggeration of the dangers that come with greed and ambition but is still relevant today due to man's inability to exercise restraint when it comes to desire.

Now, by a "modern version" of the story, I'm assuming you mean an adaptation set in the 21st century, rather than an adaptation made now, such as the 2015 film which is still set in the middle ages. One could easily have Macbeth be an ambitious politician or even set the story in the context of organized crime. A more humorous take might have Macbeth running a restaurant, as in the adaptation of the play in the ShakespeareRe:Told series. The possibilities are endless, as the story can fit any situation where people let power overcome their morals.

Conclusion :-

So, Shakespeare's play “Macbeth” continues to remain relevant to contemporary society through his exploration of ambition, a political and ethical value that is a double-edged sword, able to provide success and catastrophic failure.

Thank you ,

Dilip Barad sir 

Words:-1666

Metaphysical poetry

 Metaphysical poetry :- 🤓

The word 'meta' means 'after,' so the literal translation of 'metaphysical' is 'after the physical.' Basically, metaphysics deals with questions that can't be explained by science. It questions the nature of reality in a philosophical way.

Here are some common metaphysical questions:🤨

• Does God exist?
• Is there a difference between the way things appear to us and the way they really are? Essentially, what is the difference between reality and perception?
• Is everything that happens already predetermined? If so, then is free choice non-existent?
• Is consciousness limited to the brain?

Metaphysics can cover a broad range of topics from religious to consciousness; however, all the questions about metaphysics ponder the nature of reality. And of course, there is no one correct answer to any of these questions. Metaphysics is about exploration and philosophy, not about science and math.

Characteristics:-🤫

The group of metaphysical poets that we mentioned earlier is obviously not the only poets or philosophers or writers that deal with metaphysical questions. There are other more specific characteristics that prompted Johnson to place the 17th-century poets together.

Perhaps the most common characteristic is that metaphysical poetry contained large doses of wit. In fact, although the poets were examining serious questions about the existence of God or whether a human could possibly perceive the world, the poets were sure to ponder those questions with humor.

Metaphysical poetry also explored a few common themes. They all had a religious sentiment. In addition, many of the poems explored the theme of carpe diem (seize the day) and investigated the humanity of life.

Rk Mandaliya lecture on Metaphysics poetry video :- 👀

Holy sonnets: Death , be not proud :- 😱

John Donne :-

John Donne was an English poet, scholar, soldier and secretary born into a Catholic family, a remnant of the Catholic Revival, who reluctantly became a cleric in the Church of England. He was Dean of St Paul's Cathedral in London. He is considered the preeminent representative of the metaphysical poets. 

Death, be not proud :-😲

Theme of the poem Death Be Not Proud, is the atrocities of death and portrays the image of death as very common thing. He makes many understatements in the poem regarding the death. He says that death is nothing but a sleep and it gives us the same pleasure as we derive from the sleep.Theme is the lesson about life or statement about human nature that the poem expresses. To determine theme, start by figuring out the main idea. Then keep looking around the poem for details such as the structure, sounds, word choice, and any poetic devices.

Overall, John Donne's poem 'Death Be Not Proud' is a masterful argument against the power of Death. The theme, or the message, of the poem is that Death is not some all-powerful being that humans should fear. Instead, Death is actually a slave to the human race and has no power over our souls.

This is a view of the craft that takes a metaphor and pushes it to its furthest extent through description and explanation. In this poem, Donne compares Death to two things: "rest and sleep" and a "slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men."

Elements: Poetry. As with narrative, there are "elements" of poetry that we can focus on to enrich our understanding of a particular poem or group of poems. These elements may include, voice, diction, imagery, figures of speech, symbolism and allegory, syntax, sound, rhythm and meter, and structure.

The Flea:-🧐

"The Flea" is an erotic metaphysical poem (first published posthumously in 1633) by John Donne (1572–1631).

 a metaphysical conceit between a simple flea and the complexities of young romance to develop the narrator's argument for a young woman to forfeit her chastity. By giving the flea a dual meaning, Donne manages to tell a story that is both simple and complex.

In this poem the speaker has presented a witty argument to his love through the use of a flea as the metaphor for their relationship.

Donne's attitude toward death can be characterized by two aspects. The first one is the positive attitude that desires death eagerly. And the other is the negative attitude that refuses death persistently. Even though these two attitudes are paradoxical and conflicted, they have something in common.

(1)One of the basic themes of the poem is love in contrast to other poems where he propagated platonic love. This is a rare poem which is erotic in tone. Throughout the poem he compels his beloved for love.

(2)Another underlying theme of the poem is the social restrictions that prohibit the freedom of love. Poet makes a mention of shyness of his beloved and her family that come in the way of him.

(3)The poem is a satire on love. He says to her that by killing the flea she has lost all the honor now there was no point for her to feel shy or feel honorable.

The sun Rising :-😳

The speaker of this poem is classic John Donne.One of Donne's most charming and successful metaphysical love poems, “The Sun Rising” is built around a few hyperbolic assertions—first, that the sun is conscious and has the watchful personality of an old busybody; second, that love, as the speaker puts it, “no season knows, nor clime, / Nor hours, days, months.

The main conceit or metaphor of “The Sun Rising” is the personification of the sun into an old man – a "busy old fool" – whose business it is to get everyone out of bed and on the way to work. The persona adopted by the poet sees fit to argue with the sun, and this creates a comic opening to the poem.

To His coy Mistress:-🤔

Andrew Marvell:-

Andrew Marvell was an English Metaphysical poet, satirist and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1659 and 1678. During the Commonwealth period he was a colleague and friend of John Milton

 

The main theme of To his Coy Mistress is The Transience of Life, expressed through a sense of time pursuing us and propelling us into the grave before we have achieved fulfilment. Marvell's tempo and language become more and more urgent as the poem proceeds.The poem is a dramatic monologue written in iambic tetrameter using rhyming couplets .

Vaster than empires, and more slow; Then, we get one of the poem's most famous lines. The speaker starts telling the mistress about his "vegetable love." ... We think "vegetable love" is "organic love" – love without the pressure of anything but nature, a natural process resulting in something nourishing – vegetables.

"To His Coy Mistress" is a poem by the English poet Andrew Marvell. ... "To His Coy Mistress" is a carpe diem poem: following the example of Roman poets like Horace, it urges a young woman to enjoy the pleasures of life before death claims her.

that had been introduced by Donne and was adopted by poets such as Herbert, Crashaw and Cowley forwarded an exquisite climate of thought. Andrew Marvell is considered as one of the finest poets of the metaphysical verse because of his predilection to wit, interest in argument, allusive style of writing and wonderful usage of metaphysical conceits. “To His Coy Mistress” is his most celebrated poem which showcases some of the most conformed traits of metaphysical poetry.

The Collar :-☹️

George Herbert :-

George Herbert was a Welsh-born poet, orator, and priest of the Church of England. His poetry is associated with the writings of the metaphysical poets, and he is recognised as "one of the foremost British devotional lyricists." He was born into an artistic and wealthy family and largely raised in England.

'The Collar' by George Herbert is a thirty-six line poem about a speaker's struggle for freedom. It was written by Herbert in 1633 while he struggled with his own religious beliefs. The poem does not conform to one particular rhyme scheme but jumps from half or slant rhymes to full end rhymes.The title of the poem, The Collar, is symbolic; it seems to represent the relationship between the man within the poem and God. "Collar" in this poem may refer to a clerical collar, which priests wear as a religious symbol.

The poems classified in this group do share common characteristics: they are all highly intellectualized, use rather strange imagery, use frequent paradox and contain extremely complicated thought. However, metaphysical poetry is not regarded as a genre of poetry.

What are the main features of metaphysical poetry?😉

• Exaggerated often outlandish imagery.
• Use of scientific, literary jargon or imagery.
• Telescoping of images.
• Use of metaphysical conceits.
• Use of paradoxes and puns.
• Diversity of topics - range from romantic (“To His Coy Mistress” by Andrew Marvell) to religious (“The Church Porch” by George Herbert

Conclusion :- 

Thank you so much Dilip Barad sir for arranging prof .R k Mandaliya sir session , we get to know about Metaphysical poetry in a easy language , we all are missing your style &we are eagerly waiting for your next session .In a short time we are connected with you by heart .How time passed we did not realise but I am sure that  your session  video will helpful in our examination.

 Thank you 🤗,

Dilip Barad sir

Words :-1531🤐

Post Truth

 Introduction:-🧐

It was named Word of the Year in 2016 by the Oxford Dictionary where it is defined as "Relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief".

What ?:-🤓

Post-truth is a philosophical and political concept for "the disappearance of shared objective standards for truth" and the "circuitous slippage between facts or alt-facts, knowledge, opinion, belief, and truth". Post-truth discourse is often contrasted with the forms taken by scientific methods and inquiry.

When?:-😳

Post truth was used by philosopher Joseph Heath to describe the 2014 Ontario election. The term became widespread during the campaigns for the 2016 presidential election in the United States and for the 2016 "Brexit" referendum on membership in the European Union in the United Kingdom.

Post truth video :-👀

A Brief History of post-truth:-🙄

Post-truth seems to have been first used in this meaning in a 1992 essay by the late Serbian-American playwright Steve Tesich in The Nation magazine. Reflecting on the Iran-Contra scandal and the Persian Gulf War, Tesich lamented that ‘we, as a free people, have freely decided that we want to live in some post-truth world’. There is evidence of the phrase ‘post-truth’ being used before Tesich’s article, but apparently with the transparent meaning ‘after the truth was known’, and not with the new implication that truth itself has become irrelevant.

Word of the year 2016:-😉

Oxford Dictionaries has deWord of the year 2016 Oxforddictionariesclared "post-truth" as its 2016 international word of the year, reflecting what it called a "highly-charged" political 12 months. It is defined as an adjective relating to circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than emotional appeals.

Post-truth politics:-😲

political culture in which debate is framed largely by appeals to emotion disconnected from the details of policy, and by the repeated assertion of talking points to which factual rebuttals are ignored. Post-truth differs from traditional contesting and falsifying of facts by relegating facts and expert opinions to be of secondary importance relative to appeal to emotion. While this has been described as a contemporary problem, some observers have described it as a long-standing part of political life that was less notable before the advent of the Internet and related social changes.

Art of the lie:-🤭

Politicians have always lied. Does it matter if they leave the truth behind entirely?

Mr Trump is the leading exponent of “post-truth” politics—a reliance on assertions that “feel true” but have no basis in fact. His brazenness is not punished, but taken as evidence of his willingness to stand up to elite power. And he is not alone. Members of Poland’s government assert that a previous president, who died in a plane crash, was assassinated by Russia. Turkish politicians claim the perpetrators of the recent bungled coup were acting on orders issued by the CIA. The successful campaign for Britain to leave the European Union warned of the hordes of immigrants that would result from Turkey’s imminent accession to the union.If, like this newspaper, you believe that politics should be based on evidence, this is worrying. Strong democracies can draw on inbuilt defences against post-truth. Authoritarian countries are more vulnerable.

If, like this newspaper, you believe that politics should be based on evidence, this is worrying. Strong democracies can draw on inbuilt defences against post-truth. Authoritarian countries are more vulnerable.

Lord of the lies:-😤

That politicians sometimes peddle lies is not news: think of Ronald Reagan’s fib that his administration had not traded weapons with Iran in order to secure the release of hostages and to fund the efforts of rebels in Nicaragua. Dictators and democrats seeking to deflect blame for their own incompetence have always manipulated the truth; sore losers have always accused the other lot of lying.

But post-truth politics is more than just an invention of whingeing elites who have been outflanked. The term picks out the heart of what is new: that truth is not falsified, or contested, but of secondary importance. Once, the purpose of political lying was to create a false view of the world. The lies of men like Mr Trump do not work like that. They are not intended to convince the elites, whom their target voters neither trust nor like, but to reinforce prejudices.

Pro-Truthers stand and be counted:-😒

The truth has powerful forces on its side. Any politician who makes contradictory promises to different audiences will soon be exposed on Facebook or YouTube. If an official lies about attending a particular meeting or seeking a campaign donation, a trail of e-mails may catch him out.

Mr Trump loses in November, post-truth will seem less menacing, though he has been too successful for it to go away. The deeper worry is for countries like Russia and Turkey, where autocrats use the techniques of post-truth to silence opponents. Cast adrift on an ocean of lies, the people there will have nothing to cling to. For them the novelty of post-truth may lead back to old-fashioned oppression.

Post -Truth philosophy:-😱

We live with truth all around us and yet some people readily embrace lies. Everywhere you turn among the academics and pundits, we constantly are fed a stream of rhetoric about how we live in a “post-truth” world. Somehow, as the narrative goes, we have given up on the notion that words can mirror reality.

There is a term used in propositional logic called “truth value.” I think this term is important because it points to the root of what’s wrong today in our discourse, whether it’s a “debate” among pundits on a cable show, arguments with online outrage warriors or a spirited convers ation with relatives. When we have an opinion about a particular topic, we try to bolster that opinion with what we believe are facts. Once we point to these facts, we like to think that our opinion is somehow elevated to being correct. Without verifying those facts underpinning our viewpoint, one can find themselves defending a defenseless position.

This is more dangerous than if people simply expressed the beliefs that underly what they say. Thought soldiers will take up the banner of prejudice, pseudo-science, authoritarianism or worse, and still think they are right, while sharing with others specific terminology and turns of phrase that papers over what is really meant; instead, they believe they stand up for tolerance (think of so many people that say they desire that Nazis have “free speech”, but rarely, if ever, speak out in defense of the speech of the worst off), the best available scientific theories (flat-eartherism, anti-GMO or anti-global warming propaganda), and global justice (the talking-points about the internment of children being, for example, legitimated by the Bible). They’ll feel comfortable fighting for reactionary or unsupported values because every piece of rhetoric (rather than evidence) they encountered emotionally supported how they felt, not what they actually know. Furthermore, people that have failed to understand the disconnect between their underlying beliefs and the slogans they share will, naturally, unite with others who never cared about truth, people who were more geared towards winning an argument at all costs using whatever information (good or bad) that would win over the most converts

Truth does still matter, but for some, it remains only an idol. The argumentative value of that idol is priceless for those peddling propaganda. And sometimes, especially today, a person convinced that a lie is actually true can be more effective than the person selling the lie

Examples of post truth:-🤔

(1) Post truth in social media :-🤗

Due to the developments in information technologies in the last 20 years, social media is frequently used especially for mobile devices for news announcement and follow-up. This has led to a large increase in the number of information produced, too. Considering information/news sharing pages on social media around the world and sharing/posting too much information or news, there are many news sources that need to be verified after accessed. There is no accuracy filtering process in the dissemination of information on social media and therefore, unverifiable news can affect the masses in a very short time. Nowadays, it is important that users check the reality of such information in social media. In this study, it is tried to investigate how the post-truth concept which the Oxford Dictionary has chosen as the word of the year in 2016 in social media. By using keywords such as "post-truth", "fake/false news", "access to accurate information" and "the diffusion of social media use" in the literature of "Information and Records Management", "Management Information Systems" and "Media and Communication" in international databases and journals; content analysis was performed. At the end of the study, the implications of the institutions that developed various strategies to avoid such news and information were included.

(2) post truth connected with Narendra Modi politics:- 🤐

Prime Minister Narendra Modi's speech at a rally at Latur in Maharashtra on April 9, dragging the Indian Army once again into the BJP's campaign for votes, certainly exploited the people's trust. Modi said ," I want to ask the first -time Voter,can your vote be dedicated to those soldiers who conducted the air strike on Balakot in Pakistan? Can your first vote be dedicated to those soldiers who were killed in Pulwama attack?"

Modi's Latur speech heralds the advent of post- truth politics in our country. Nobel laureate Harold Pinter once said that majority of politicians are interested not in truth but in power and in the maintenance of that Power. To maintain that Power, they consider it is essential that people remain in ignorance."what surrounds us therefore is a vast tapestry of lies, upon which we feed,"Pinter said in his Nobel lecture at the swedish Academy , Stockholm, on December 7, 2005.

In post -Truth politics,facts and evidence do not matter. The demagogue employs language to keep thoughts at bay, tapping into the fragile but essential compact based on trust between the government  and the citizens . But , if trust goes, where does it lead us ? 

 No, doubt , Modi stopped low, for trust is essential in democracy. In our revolutionary age of communicative abundance ,at Some  point , the citizens will get to know that in the first instance Pulwama should not have happened , so that Balakot would not have become necessary. Put  differently , if Pulwama had been prevented , there would have been no martyrs, and no Balakot .

Conclusion:-🤫

Post- truth is not simply the opposite of truth. It has hybrid , recombinant qualities that mix in different ways and confuse it's recipients- a bricolage of old -fashioned lying , clever quips, boasting and wilful exaggerations. In has a sinister effect: it disorients and destabilised people , destroying their capacity to make judgement and turns them into playthings of power. That is why post-truth is regarded as the harbinger of a new totalitarianism.

🤨Thank you ,

🤗Dilip Barad sir

Words:-1907🤓