Transcendentalists

1.)  Transcendentalists talks about Individual’s relation with Nature. What is Nature for you? Share your views. ?

It’s all about spirituality. Transcendentalism is a philosophy that began in the mid-19th century and whose founding members included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. It centers around the belief that spirituality cannot be achieved through reason and rationalism, but instead through self-reflection and intuition. In other words, transcendentalists believe spirituality isn’t something you can explain; it’s something you feel. A transcendentalist would argue that going for a walk in a beautiful place would be a much more spiritual experience than reading a religious text.

The transcendentalism movement arose as a result of a reaction to Unitarianism as well as the Age of Reason. Both centered on reason as the main source of knowledge, but transcendentalists rejected that notion. 
Transcendentalism is a literary and philosophical motion of the early 1800’s. Transcendentalists operated with a sense that a new epoch was coming. they were critics of their modern society for its thoughtless traditionality. and they advised people to happen “an original relation to the universe”. “The Transcendentalist adopts the whole connexion of religious philosophy. He believes in miracle. in the ageless openness of the human head to new inflow of visible radiation and power ; he believes in inspiration. and in ecstasy” .

To make this people must populate merely and do the best of their life state of affairss while non go throughing judgements on others. Nature’s function in assisting adult male happen peace and felicity is the key to populating a fulfilled life in harmoniousness with the existence. Transcendentalist such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau steadfastly province that man’s relationship with nature are mutualist. and that in order for adult male to populate a fulfilled life he must esteem nature.
Although it is difficult to find precisely when transcendental philosophy began. a likely day of the month is September 19. 1836  . when George Ripley. a Unitarian curate from Boston called a meeting with his friends: Bronson Alcott. Orestes Brownson. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Frederic Hedge. Convers Francis. and James Freeman Clarke. The intent of the meeting was to discourse the defects of Unitarianism  . Members called their group “symposium” and met four to five times a twelvemonth for the following several.

Nature is at the bosom of transcendental philosophy and therefore must be represented and respected in a mode that is worthy in the eyes of God. As a consequence. adult male strives to happen peace and harmoniousness with the existence as he attempts to truly embrace nature and his ideals of God transcend creative activity itself. As God created all that is good. life itself in all it forms: workss. animate beings. and worlds. adult male must therefore regard all these signifiers in order to accomplish life’s highest award. unity with it all.

2.)  Transcendentalism is an American Philosophy that influenced American Literature at length. Can you find any Indian/Regional literature or Philosophy came up with such similar thought?

Transcendentalism was a religious, literary, and political movement that evolved from New England Unitarianism in the 1820s and 1830s. An important expression of Romanticism in the United States, it is principally associated with the work of essayist and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson; journalist and feminist theorist Margaret Fuller; Unitarian minister and antislavery advocate Theodore Parker; and essayist, naturalist, and political theorist Henry David Thoreau. In their initial phase, the transcendentalists extended the Unitarian theological rebellion against Puritan Calvinism, moving toward a post-Christian spirituality that held each man and woman capable of spiritual development and fulfillment. They developed literary as well as theological forms of expression, making perhaps a stronger impact on American literary and artistic culture than they did on American religion. When Emerson delivered two controversial addresses at Harvard, “The American Scholar” (1837) and the Divinity School Address (1838), he emerged as the central figure of a loose coalition of ministers and aspiring authors who questioned religious doctrines, such as the New Testament miracles and the supernatural nature of Jesus, and embraced German Romantic writers and the British Romantics. Sharpened by the controversy that erupted after Emerson’s Divinity School Address, theological and literary thinking among the transcendentalists developed in three interrelated directions in the late 1830s and 1840s. Parker and Emerson continued to extend their theological explorations, with Parker calling in 1841 for a religion based on “permanent” rather than “transient” principles. Emerson and Thoreau began to absorb the spiritual sensibility of Asian religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, which were becoming available more widely in translation. Emerson, Fuller, and Thoreau gave the movement a literary character, based on Emerson’s innovative prose, Fuller’s translations and critical studies of Goethe, and Thoreau’s autobiographical narrative Walden (1854). The transcendentalists also responded to the politically turbulent 1840s and 1850s, devoting themselves to issues of social reform. Fuller published her groundbreaking women’s rights treatise Woman in the Nineteenth Century in 1845, and Thoreau published his influential essay “Civil Disobedience” in 1849, describing his night in the Concord jail as a protesting tax resister. With national tensions rising over slavery in the 1840s and 1850s, Parker became Boston’s great antislavery preacher, and both Emerson and Thoreau wrote ringing antislavery addresses. By the early 1860s, following the outbreak of the Civil War, the transcendentalists had helped formulate the principles that would reshape American culture well into the 20th century.

For Whom the Bell Tolls

Ernest Hemingway :- 

Ernest Hemingway was an American writer who won the Pulitzer Prize (1953) and the Nobel Prize in Literature (1954) for his novel The Old Man and the Sea, which was made into a 1958 film The Old Man and the Sea (1958).

He was born into the hands of his physician father. He was the second of six children of Dr. Clarence Hemingway and Grace Hemingway (the daughter of English immigrants). His father's interests in history and literature, as well as his outdoorsy hobbies (fishing and hunting), became a lifestyle for Ernest. His mother was a domineering type who wanted a daughter, not a son, and dressed Ernest as a girl and called him Ernestine. She also had a habit of abusing his quiet father, who suffered from diabetes, and Dr. Hemingway eventually committed suicide. Ernest later described the community in his hometown as one having "wide lawns and narrow minds".

In 1916 Hemingway graduated from high school and began his writing career as a reporter for The Kansas City Star. There he adopted his minimalist style by following the Star's style guide: "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative." Six months later he joined the Ambulance Corps in WWI and worked as an ambulance driver on the Italian front, picking up human remains. In July 1918 he was seriously wounded by a mortar shell, which left shrapnel in both of his legs causing him much pain and requiring several surgeries. He was awarded the Silver Medal. Back in America, he continued his writing career working for Toronto Star . At that time he met Hadley Richardson and the two married in 1921. In 1921, he became a Toronto Star reporter in Paris. There he published his first books, called "Three Stories and Ten Poems" (1923), and "In Our Time" (1924). In Paris he met Gertrude Stein, who introduced him to the circle that she called the "Lost Generation". F. Scott Fitzgerald, Thornton Wilder, Sherwood Anderson and Ezra Pound were stimulating Hemingway's talent. At that time he wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (1926), "A Farewell to Arms" (1929), and a dazzling collection of Forty-Nine stories. Hemingway also regarded the Russian writers Lev Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Ivan Turgenev and Anton Chekhov as important influences, and met Pablo Picasso and other artists through Gertrude Stein. "A Moveable Feast" (1964) is his classic memoir of Paris after WWI.

Hemingway participated in the Spanish Civil War and took part in the D-Day landings during the invasion of France during World War II, in which he not only reported the action but took part in it. In one instance he threw three hand grenades into a bunker, killing several SS officers. He was decorated with the Bronze Star for his action. His military experiences were emulated in "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940) and in several other stories. He settled near Havana, Cuba, where he wrote his best known work, "The Old Man and the Sea" (1953), for which he won a Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize in Literature. This was adapted as the film The Old Man and the Sea (1958), for which Spencer Tracy was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Actor, and Dimitri Tiomkin received an Oscar for Best Musical Score.

War wounds, two plane crashes, four marriages and several affairs took their toll on Hemingway's hereditary predispositions and contributed to his declining health. He was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and insomnia in his later years. His mental condition was exacerbated by chronic alcoholism, diabetes and liver failure. After an unsuccessful treatment with electro-convulsive therapy, he suffered severe amnesia and his physical condition worsened. The memory loss obstructed his writing and everyday life. He committed suicide in 1961. Posthumous publications revealed a considerable body of his hidden writings, that was edited by his fourth wife, Mary, and also by his son Patrick Hemingway.

For Whom the Bell Tolls is based on Spanish Civil War :-

Set in 1944 Spain, the events of the film take place towards the end of the Second World War, where after the endless struggles of the Resistance and allied forces, the Nazi occupation has finally been withdrawn from France. A Spanish guerilla group gets hyped up by this victory and decides to reclaim Spanish territory by overthrowing General Franco with a bang.

When they set out to destroy the regime’s infrastructure, not everything goes as planned and the Spanish army ends up interrupting their process. With this, almost every member of the group of rebels ends up dying. Vicente Roig, one of the two survivors, ends up getting arrested, whereas, on the other hand, Anselmo Rojas somehow manages to escape, but is left deaf with the impact of the explosions.

Captain Bosch becomes obsessed with Rojas’ escape and to capture him, he hires Darya Sergéevich, who is a young merciless sniper from Bolshevik Russia. Soon Rojas finds himself in a tough spot where he is forced to take the help of his ex-girlfriend, Rosa, who now happens to be the wife of his arrested comrade Vicente. Although this does reignite their old flame for a few brief moments, Rojas is forced to face his new reality where he is nothing but a wanted man, who’ll have to tread a path of utter loneliness.

The Film Based on “For Whom the Bell Tolls”? 

The (Silent) War’ is alluded from one of the best works of Ernest Hemingway”For Whom the Bell Tolls”. Just like the movie, the novel is also set up in the backdrop of the Spanish Civil War where the Loyalists rebel against the barbaric rule of the fascist government. Even the novel is written from a perspective that sympathizes more with the loyalists and highlights their struggles against the Nationalists.
Moreover, even the protagonists of both the movie and novel are pretty much the same. Both the characters Anselmo Rojas (in the movie) and Robert Jordan (in the novel), fight on the side of the loyalists against General Franco’s “fascist” forces and later decides to blow up a bridge with his men.
Apart from that, both the movie and novel share the common theme of mortality, love, warfare, and politics. The themes of morality set in when all the characters, in one way or the other, are forced to either accept their own death or the death of their loved ones. A small part of both stories also deals with love.

In the novel, Robert Jordan, after an unexpected encounter with a Spanish girl, ends up falling in love with her and it gives him a new reason to live in a world where nothing seems right. Similarly in the movie, Anselmo Rojas is able the light at the end of the tunnel when he rekindles with his old love interest. Almost all the characters of both take more of a cynical perspective on human nature and bogged down by the war. But the hope for love still remains.
Both the mediums portray the cruel reality of warfare with grave details and show how it drastically impacts the lives of all the characters. While the physical losses are pretty evident, even the psychological losses completely destroy the lives of innocents who are caught up in its core. And finally, the conflict between the leftists and the fascist Nationalists, which forms the core of the premise of both the mediums, highlights the political themes in both.

Waiting for Godot

Samuel Beckett :-

Samuel Beckett was born near Dublin, Ireland, on April 13, 1906 into a Protestant, middle class home. His father was a quantity surveyor and his mother worked as a nurse. At the age of 14 he was sent to the same school that Oscar Wilde attended. Beckett is known to have commented, "I had little talent for happiness." This was evidenced by his frequent bouts of depression, even as a young man. He often stayed in bed until late in the afternoon and hated long conversations. As a young poet he apparently rejected the advances of James Joyce's daughter and then commented that he did not have feelings that were human.  This sense of depression would show up in much of his writing, especially in Waiting for Godot where it is a struggle to get through life.

Samuel Beckett moved to Paris in 1926 and met James Joyce. He soon respected the older writer so much that at the age of 23 he wrote an essay defending Joyce's magnum opus to the public. In 1927, one year later, he won his first literary prize for his poem entitled "Whoroscope." The essay was about the philosopher Descartes meditating on the subject of time and about the transiency of life. Beckett then completed a study of Proust which eventually led him to believe that habit was the "cancer of time." At this point Beckett left his post at Trinity College and traveled.

All of Beckett's major works were written in French. He believed that French forced him to be more disciplined and to use the language more wisely. However, Waiting for Godot was eventually translated into the English by Beckett himself. Samuel Beckett also became one of the first absurdist playwrites to win international fame. His works have been translated into over twenty languages. In 1969 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature, one of the few times this century that almost everyone agreed the recipient deserved it. He continued to write until his death in 1989, but towards the end he remarked that each word seemed to him "an unnecessary stain on silence and nothingness."

 Works by Samuel Beckett :-

1.  Act Without Words
2. Happy Days
3. Malone Dies
4. “Waiting for Godot”
5. “The Unnamable”
6. “Molloy”
7. “Watt”
8. “Endgame”
9. “Murphy”
10. “Whoroscope

 Waiting for Godot :-

Waiting for Godot is generally considered as a masterpiece example of what has come to be known as the theater of the absurd. The play is written by an Irish novelist, Samuel Beckett, a prominent literary figure well known for this work, and remembered as the founder of the theatre of absurd. The play was performed in 1949, having the theme of existentialist philosophy. The play Waiting for Godot is famous for purposeless characters, meaningless actions, and lacking a basic plot.

Setting of the play :-

one such play of an Irish playwright Beckett presents this image of a tree differently in the setting of his play. The setting of the play 'Waiting for Godot' by Samuel Beckett is inspired by two paintings by Caspar David Friedrich - a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter. The title of this painting is 'longing'.

Themes of Waiting for Godot :-

1. ABSURDITY :-

The play has the repetition of many words and phrases, nonsensical lines, purposeless characters, meaningless dialogues, and wordplay. Characters both Vladimir and Estragon have forgotten everything even about their own identities. The text is full of humor but mixed up with tragedy . Vladimir and Estragon's nonsensical actions, suicide attempts, and rude behavior with Lucky on the Pozo's side create a discomforting effect on the audience. The play confuses readers as well as the audience whether to laugh or cry at the events presented on the stage. The useless conversations and extreme utterance of characters showed the emptiness and aimless world after World War II.

2. PURPOSELESSNESS OF LIFE :-

  Vladimir and Estragon have some purpose, but Godot's not arriving make their waiting vain. The visiting of Pozo and Lucky in the first act likely seems that Pozo wants to sell him but failed to do so as the play progress and ultimately shown to be equally purposeless. They are simply wandering from place to place, while on the other hand, Estragon and Lucky doing different acts even an empty suicide attempt. . The theater of absurd has a special message that life is purposeless vividly shows in the play Waiting for Godot. The boy's message is also equally vain, that Godot is never coming. Both Estragon and Vladimir are waiting for a long time without any purpose completely conform to the characteristics of the theater of absurd.

3. UNCERTAINTY OF TIME :-

Time is uncertain in this play, but in the opening scene, it passes normally. Morning, daytime, and evening pass systematically, but the characters are sometimes showing confusion about it again and again. Many scenes show that they wait a long time. In the second act, the growth of leaves also suggests the same, and on the other hand, Estragon and Vladimir have no firm idea of how long they have been together or how long ago they did .the scenes and event repeating the same way every day, but Estragon and Vladimir never remember to bring the rope they would need to hang themselves.It shows the meaningless life and cheap use of time.

4. THEME OF RELATIONSHIP :-Relationship and Friendship is one of the major themes of the play Waiting for Godot. The writer explores and portrays different types of relationships ranging from friendship to slave and ownership. Of course, they are different entities with different physical as well as mental problems but on combining they play a big role in the play.

1. Relationship between Estragon and Vladimir

2. Association of Pozzo and Lucky

3. Relationship of Estragon and Vladimir with Godot.

5. THEME OF EXISTENTIALISM :-

Both the characters Vladimir and Estragon put themselves into an absurd situation just like humans have been put in the world without any motivation.Samuel Beckett's play 'Waiting for Godot' exposes that it is up to the individual to change the meaning of life through personal experience in the world and make it better.

In very simple words the philosophy of existentialism means that every person is responsible for his actions and no second person is pulling his strings or controlling his fate.

Characters of Waiting for Godot :-

Vladimir (Didi) :- An old derelict dressed like a tramp; along with his companion of many years, he comes to a bleak, desolate place to wait for Godot.

Estragon (Gogo) :- Vladimir's companion of many years who is overly concerned with his physical needs, but is repeatedly told by Vladimir that, above all, they must wait for Godot.

Pozzo :-  A traveling man dressed rather elaborately; he arrives driving another man (Lucky) forward by means of a rope around the latter's neck.

Lucky :- The "slave" who obeys Pozzo absolutely.

Boy Messenger :- I and Boy Messenger II Each is a young boy who works for "Mr. Godot" and brings Vladimir and Estragon news about "Mr. Godot"; apparently he takes messages back to "Mr. Godot."

Godot :-  He never appears in the drama, but he is an entity that Vladimir and Estragon are waiting for.

Waiting for Godot :-

Two men, Vladimir and Estragon, meet near a tree. They converse on various topics and reveal that they are waiting there for a man named Godot. While they wait, two other men enter. Pozzo is on his way to the market to sell his slave, Lucky. He pauses for a while to converse with Vladimir and Estragon. Lucky entertains them by dancing and thinking, and Pozzo and Lucky leave.

After Pozzo and Lucky leave, a boy enters and tells Vladimir that he is a messenger from Godot. He tells Vladimir that Godot will not be coming tonight, but that he will surely come tomorrow. Vladimir asks him some questions about Godot and the boy departs. After his departure, Vladimir and Estragon decide to leave, but they do not move as the curtain falls.

The next night, Vladimir and Estragon again meet near the tree to wait for Godot. Lucky and Pozzo enter again, but this time Pozzo is blind and Lucky is dumb. Pozzo does not remember meeting the two men the night before. They leave and Vladimir and Estragon continue to wait.

Shortly after, the boy enters and once again tells Vladimir that Godot will not be coming. He insists that he did not speak to Vladimir yesterday. After he leaves, Estragon and Vladimir decide to leave, but again they do not move as the curtain falls, ending the play.

Existentialism

 Hello, readers

                       This blog is a part of Flipped Learning activity in which our task is to watch videos about Existentialism and write down whatever we understand.

  1.What is Existentialism?

Though existentialists differs in their views on Existentialism but in one or another way they share a basic belief of this term. From this video, I like that triangle idea of freedom, individuality, and passion which are the three sides of Existentialism. Along with it, the idea of philosophical suicide is quite interesting.

2.The Myth of Sisyphus : The Absurd Reasoning

Second video about the myth of Sisyphus; the Absurd Reasoning. taking about an absurd reasoning Comus starts this essay.
Absurd Reasoning there is but one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide. he focuses on the matter of suicide. he shot himself on the Brooklyn bridge. he said it was the best artwork of the 19th century. life is filled with despair and absurdity and life is meaningless. life is the most urgent of questions." the silence of the heart ad is a great work of art. this video comparison with the movie "stay".

  3.  The notion of philosophical suicide

It’s worth watching the video to understand the concept of Philosophical suicide. . When we start to kill our own self as philosophers at that time it becomes Philosophical suicide. Why the absurdity takes place? It takes place because of the conflict between humans and the world. If there are no human beings, there would not be any desire. Without human beings, there should not be the question of absurdity. It can be said that absurdity is an ultimate reality of human life but at the same time for an absurd mind reason is useless and there is nothing beyond reasons. In this situation may our reliance be the ultimate solution of absurdity.

4.  Dadaism, Nihilism, and Existentialism :-

This video these are Dadaism, Nihilism, and Existentialism movement values and it deals with the movement. Dadaism is a quest for change new value and new path. Dadaism contents and value itself but it is against the value of Existentialism hence it essence with Nihilism. it was in 1916 that the Dada movement, and it is associated with Nihilism. The absurdity of life connected with Dadaism.
Dada + Art Movement = Nihilism
                           Dadaism a a way of becoming free of everything.

5.   Existentialism – a gloomy philosophy

Existentialism came after the second world war when the people tried to find the meaning in life among the gloominess of despair. Though life is full of anxiety, despair, and absurdity, we are free to give our own values to ourselves. But after following whatever we have chosen it’s become one’s own responsibility. The result should be either in favor or in against but escapism in a bad situation should not be there. Being an individual is also considered narcissistic but in actual it’s not true.

  6.Existentialism and Nihilism: Is it one and the same?

Existentialism is not said like nihilism say there is no meaning or purpose to life, but existentialism dealing with finding exist behind anything.
NIHILISM = THE LOSS OF INDIVIDUALITY (LEVELING)
             That the highest values devaluate themselves. nihilism is not a necessary characteristic of Existentialism. Existentialism dealing with one can create their own personal subjective meaning. nihilism dealing with this idea with no personal subjective meaning.
    7.Existentialist again!
Existentialists reject systems that propose to have to define answers to the questions of meaning and purpose in life. Generally, it questions human existence.

    8.Existentialism and Nietzsche

Friedrich Nietzsche, who gave the idea of "Ubermensche". is the philosophy for freedom. freedom of doing whatever human wants. as it says that no universal morality can make us individual or give us the meaning to life.

    9.Why I like Existentialism? Eric Dodson

Existentialism is a way of life and understands life deeply. Existentialism says about what I am Eric Dodson said that it is honest and shows the reality of life and accept your fault and your abilities.
 

10.From Essentialism to Existentialism:-

In this video, there is an example of an army man who wants to serve his mother and nation at the same time but it’s not possible to serve them at the same time. No one gives an answer to him as it’s a matter of individual choice. Because it is an individual choice to make their decision or follow the path suggested by others. There is no answer until we choose for ourselves. Individual meaning to our life is given by only us as well as a truly authentic decision can only be made by one's own moral code.

I like the video-8 "Explain Like I'm Five: Existentialism and Nietzsche that human beings have the power of everything it means human being can make their own rules and be a superman and he/she can do whatever they want.
Flipped learning is best to learn from anywhere, I like it most because it provides us content with appropriate pictures and signs so it would easy to understand the content.  through this learning, we can improve our listening skill from a native speaker and also we can improve our memory to remember the speaker's words and note down. And also we can learn how to pronounce spells. At last, I can say that we can learn from anywhere in our time through flipped learning.

I.A.Richards Figurative Language

 I.A.Richards Figurative Language:-

Ivor Armstrong Richards was a pioneer in the domain of New Criticism. His practical approach gave a new path to literary criticism. Instead of intuitive and impressionistic criticism, it became more factual & scientific. In his methodology, a lot of importance is given to the “words”.

He believed that the poet writes to communicate, and language is the means of that communication. Language is made of words, and hence a study of words is all-important if we are to understand the meaning of a work of art. Words carry four kinds of meaning: Sense, Feelings, Tone, and Intention.

To him, the language of poetry is purely emotive, in its original primitive state. This language affects feelings. Hence we must avoid the intuitive and over-literal reading of poems. Words in poetry have an emotive value, and the figurative language used by poets conveys those emotions effectively and forcefully.

Therefore here, I have done a verbal  Analysis of Bollywood Song: Tip Tip Barsa Paani

आहा हा हा हा आहा.. टिप-टिप बरसा पानी 

टिप-टिप बरसा पानी 

पानी ने आग लगाई 

आग लगी दिल में तो 

दिल को तेरी याद आई 

तेरी याद आई तो 

जल उठा मेरा भीगा बदन 

अब तू ही बताओ साजन मैं क्या करूं.. 

न न न न नाम तेरा मेरे लबों पर आया था

हो नाम तेरा मेरे लबों पर आया था 

हो मैंने बहाने से तुम्हे बुलाया था 

झूम कर आ गया सावन मैं क्या करूं 

टिप-टिप बरसा पानी  

पानी ने आग लगाई

आग लगी दिल में तो 

दिल को तेरी याद आई

तेरी याद आई तो  

जल उठा मेरा भीगा बदन 

अब तुम ही बताओ साजन मैं क्या करूं.. 

ये हे आ हा हा.. आ हा आहा..  

डू डू डू डू डूबा दरिया में खड़ा मैं साहिल पर 

हो डूबा दरिया में खड़ा मैं साहिल पर 

तू बिजली बनकर गिरी मेरे दिल पर 

चली ऐसी ये पागल पवन मैं क्या करूं.. 

टिप-टिप बरसा पानी पानी ने आग लगाई 

आग लगी दिल में तो दिल को तेरी याद आई

तेरी याद आई तो छा गया मुझपे दीवानापन

मेरे बस में नहीं मेरा मन मैं क्या करूं..

ये हे आ हा हा.. आ हा आहा..

Analysis of song:- 

Tip Tip Barsa Paani is Hindi song, taken from movie Mohra (1994) sung by Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan. Lyrics penned by Anand Bakshi. Composed by Viju Shah. Starring Akshay Kumar and Raveena Tandon.

This song represents the situation of the beloved during the Rainy season whenever she socks in water at that time her feelings become more powerful thus she feels like fire in her heat as well as in her body. These feelings recognized her about her lover, and when she remembered him Once again A rainy season comes back with enthusiasm. Then the second part was sung by her lover and he sang that he was standing at rivage and the whole sea gets drown. Then he said that her beloved fall like thunder on him and then walk like a crazy wind and asked what I do?

I.A. RICHARD'S suggested that misunderstanding in understanding poems happens oftenly. there for he gave four kinds of meaning.

1]Sense

2]Feeling

3]Tone 

4]Intention

Then He gave Tenor - Vehicle - Metapher

and then He gave -Two use of language Emotive & Scientific. Metaphorical language always suggests Connotative or Emotive use of language, whereas Denotative or literal suggests Scientific language. So according to Richard's we have to give more importance to words rather than any Metaphorical language.

टिप-टिप बरसा पानी  

पानी ने आग लगाई

  आग लगी दिल में तो 

    दिल को तेरी याद आई

This song is absolutely nonsensical Because we all know that Water and Fire are opposite of one another, whenever Water appears; Fire will definitely Disappear. but here this song suggests something else which is nothing more than nonsensical or highly exaggerated of language. If Plato was alive he will definitely Ban this song because it impacts very harmful on children's mind as well as there is nothing true in it, means this song teach lies. This song suggests that her Heart is Fired by water and therefore she recognized her beloved. but a common logic is that If her heart was fired then how she could be alive? means she has to die!

ये हे आ हा हा.. आ हा आहा..  

             डू डू डू डू डूबा दरिया में खड़ा मैं साहिल पर 

    हो डूबा दरिया में खड़ा मैं साहिल पर 

  तू बिजली बनकर गिरी मेरे दिल पर 

     चली ऐसी ये पागल पवन मैं क्या करूं..

These lines also suggest that how lies can be spoken by songs. I could not understand that how is this possible that one can stand on littoral and sea was drawn? The second last line insists, How a human being can befall like thunder and If we supposed for a moment then science says that a normal human being definitely dies of shock.

So, I found that there are many things, which are just misuse of language nothing else and therefore it sounds nothing Worthful.

Mahendrasinh Parmar

Mahendrasinh Parmar 

He was born on 2 October 1967 in Naliya, a town in the Kutch district of Gujarat. He completed his Master of Arts in Gujarati literature from Bhavnagar University and received Ph.D. from the same University in 1998. He serves as a professor at Bhavnagar University since 1996. He married in 1996 and has two daughters. He lives in Bhavnagar.

Since 2002, his short stories appeared in various collections of Gujarati short stories. He has done numerous shows of the public reading of literary works under the title Vachikam. His critical works published as Pratham in 2009. Polytechnic (2016) is a short story collection while Rakhdu no Kagal (2016) is a collection of his personal essays. He wrote several plays.

His book Polytechnic (2016) was shortlisted for the Sahitya Akademi Award (2020)

"ISI no Haath ":-

"ISI no Haath" is a very wonderful short story by Mahendrasinh Parmar. This short story is a satire on "Religion". By reading it the first time I thought it is about "ISI " who might have done some wrong work and he is responsible for that, but when I read it twice then I realize that it is about the partial behavioral pattern of religion and how it creates terrorists. 

In this short story, we knew about the people whose life ruined because of the temple. their name is Ishvar Dabhi, Sharad Joshi, Indrajit Dholakiya.

Ishvar was a scrap collector or scavenger or junk man. He used to collect old newspapers but when the temple was built it was told to people to give old newspapers to them. so, people thought that it would be better to give newspaper to the temple so in the name of faith and religion people don't give old newspaper to Ishvar that was a reason that his business was broken.

Sharad was belonging to a poor family. her mother was the best to cook.  His mother and father feed people and earn money. due to the temple, their business was broken as we know that temple provides food to people for 600 Rs per month. when his father knew the reality he died.

Indrajit was a professor. He talks about religious people. Temple was the Profession for earning money. He talked about the temple. the land was given by Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji for education purposes but later on, the land was taken by religious people to build temples. we can see how religion ruined education.

 Here, we can see the imaginative power of Mahendrasinh parmar .we can say that he indirectly criticized the reality of Aksharvadi Temple of Bhavnagar. In this short story when we read the words of professor Indrajeet, when a policeman was inquiring and telling them that this land was donated to the University for educational purpose by his highness Maharaja Krishnakumarsihnji, the last Maharaja of Gohil Dynasty. Hence, the professor and many others against this temple and also the professor from the Chemistry department, and also Sir P.P Institute is connected with the Aksharvadi temple and also this event actually happened in the past. So it is an imaginative truth very aptly conveyed by writes through this story and also a satire on politics and on religious institute also that they shut the mouth of people who spoke against the temple through the power and we also see in the story that all three characters turned in the favor of the temple.

 In contemporary times also we can see that leaders are taking interest in making their idols instead of making hospitals. there are many people who are not getting one-time food but leaders do not care. In previous years which grounds were for children to play not it has built with a building.

2) Intellectual Indubhai:

'Intellectual Indubhai' is a very interesting short story in Polytechnic by Mahendrasinh Parmar. This short story is about one professor, Indubhai. He was a very intellectual and kind-hearted person. He was teaching a lesson of humanity. He was also taught his thoughts of Gandhiji, Narsinh Mehta, Meera, Eliot, and Rilke. But one day he faced the cruel situation in which majority and minority communal riots happened and people killed and burned each other. After seeing that kind of situation Indubhai remembered the western thinkers. Here, the writer of this story seems very knowledgeable because he reminds me of western literature. The story begins with one sister telling a story to his brother about Indubhai.’Intellectual Indubhai’. The beginning of the story is quite interesting. Both Brother and sister create a satire on English words. It also describes still lots of people having trouble with the English language and education. At the end of the story, Indubhai becomes made. He lost his memory and just indicated everyone by using the name of a great poet, philosopher, and author.

Waiting For Godot

 Samuel Beckett:-

Samuel Beckett adopted several features of James Joyce’s style and narrative technique while searching for an original and authentic manner of expressing his struggle to represent the alienation of the modern mind. Consequently, he gave is he gave the form of the narrative almost exclusive attention. Thus, the idyllic, the comic, and the dreamlike presented in contrast with the tragic and the melancholic way of life were his main instruments to confer shape and form to a narrative that was to express the feeling of nothingness in an ever-changing world.

 Melancholy influenced Beckett’s writings most. He stated in his German Diaries that he felt most happily melancholic. However the tragic, the dreamlike, the comic, and the idyllic play a good part in his dealing with modern themes, the alienation of modern man in particular. His own temperament opened his work to romantic influences.1 His literary work has been translated into 20 languages ensuring recognition that its enduring features are of a universal nature. This paper’s main aim is to analyze the extent to which the tragic, the idyllic, the humoristic, and the dreamlike features of his short prose writings are addressed by Romanian translations and original literary Romanian workings, in order to prove the imperishable dimension of Beckett’s artistic work.

1. What do you think about the characters of the play?

Godot is a hope and a belief of the two protagonists, Estragon and Vladimir, in Waiting for Godot. The character is someone who enables the protagonists to carry on with their own existence and becomes the grand narrative of the play even though he is absent and never arrives to fulfill Vladimir and Estragon’s needs. Godot’s absence creates a mystery for both the protagonists, who are hoping for a better day, and the audience, who wish for some kind of solution at the end of the show. In his play, Samuel Beckett is questioning what it is that keeps people going through the absurdity of the life they live. Beckett debates the meaning of one’s existence in this world. Godot becomes a symbol of something that people find encourages them to live for another day. He could be seen in many ways, portraying many different identities. This study will explore how the character of Godot and the things that he symbolizes can be seen and understood in the twenty-first century, as well as considering the nature of modern human living now and the social and cultural norms that shape our identities and personalities.  

2. What do you say about their activities and their significance?

This study has raised a debate about the character of Godot in Samuel Beckett’s play Waiting for Godot, a timeless piece that challenged theatre norms in 1950s Europe, even now is still keeping audiences/readers interested by questioning the persona of Godot and the values the character represents. The play’s cultural, philosophical, and sociological contexts force the viewer/reader to reflect upon our own existence and beliefs about the world we are living in. The era in with the play was created and the issues that Beckett was exploring within the play are still relevant today.  As mentioned in the chapter: Roots and Textual Meanings, it is up to the reader/audience to read the metaphors and the symbols within the context of the text, and one may find different meanings from what Beckett had intended. Watching or reading the play incorporates us in the endless waiting for a person who we do not know.

3. Is there any similarity between the situations in the play and the lockdown period of 2020?

This study intends to raise a debate around the absent person of Godot and what meaning the character has today. Since the premiere of Waiting for Godot on the 5th January 1953 in the Theatre de Babylone in Paris, audiences have sought to understand the unknown being of Godot. This study evaluates previous interpretations of the character as well as searches for parallels in the twenty-first century.  The research was undertaken through the use of qualitative secondary sources which assisted in forming the opinions expressed in this study. There was no previous literature found exploring the comparison of social media platforms and the universe of Godot. For this reason, this study attempts to find the comparisons and define Godot in the twenty-first century.  

Godot is the absent character in Waiting for Godot. This study attempts to analyze what meaning the character has today in the twenty-first century. The research undertaken reflects on Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot roots and textual meanings. It studies the writer’s influences in order to understand what the character of Godot meant to the creator, as well as exploring themes in the play such as religion, hope, salvation, and higher powers, which the character of Godot could be seen to represent. Philosophies and theories of Camus, Sartre, and Freud are examined to support the arguments made and throw light on how Godot can be interpreted.  Similarities between the protagonists, Estragon and Vladimir, relationship with Godot and social media in the twenty-first century are explored.

4.  Did you feel like an existential crisis?

An existential crisis often occurs after major life events, such as career or job change, death of a loved one, diagnosis of a serious or life-threatening illness, a significant birthday, experiencing a tragic or traumatic experience, having children, divorce, or even marriage.

For existentialists, an existential crisis is considered to be a journey, a necessary experience, and a complex phenomenon. It comes from an awareness of your own freedoms and how life will end for you one day. That journey may reveal to us that where there was structure and familiarity, now there is a mystery, unfamiliarity, a sense of discomfort, and a feeling like somehow, things don’t fit so well anymore.

5. What did you do to pass time?

During the lockdown, I was preparing for my B.A SEM 6 exam, after reading I was thinking to watch tv shows but due to lockdown new show was not telecast so, I used to watch old Indian shows, Pakistani popular shows & turkey shows...etc. when I feel bored that time this thing helps me to pass time. 

6. How was your psychological condition?

I was scared that if my exam will not be taken then how I will complete my graduation and without that I can not plan anything that what stream to choose. I  was head many people died due to covid - 19 so, I was worried that if we will not able to go to our hometown then...Sometimes mind was blank and not able to understand that what to do?