For Whom the Bell Tolls

Hemingway's Writing Style:-

A great deal has been written about Hemingway's distinctive style. In fact, the two great stylists of twentieth-century American literature are William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway, and the styles of the two writers are so vastly different that there can be no comparison. For example, their styles have become so famous and so individually unique that yearly contests award prizes to people who write the best parodies of their styles. The parodies of Hemingway's writing style are perhaps the more fun to read because of Hemingway's ultimate simplicity and because he so often used the same style and the same themes in much of his work.

From the beginning of his writing career in the 1920s, Hemingway's writing style occasioned a great deal of comment and controversy. Basically, a typical Hemingway novel or short story is written in simple, direct, unadorned prose. Possibly, the style developed because of his early journalistic training. The reality, however, is this: Before Hemingway began publishing his short stories and sketches, American writers affected British mannerisms. Adjectives piled on top of one another; adverbs tripped over each other. Colons clogged the flow of even short paragraphs, and the plethora of semicolons often caused readers to throw up their hands in exasperation. And then came Hemingway.

An excellent example of Hemingway's style is found in "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place." In this story, there is no maudlin sentimentality; the plot is simple, yet highly complex and difficult. Focusing on an old man and two waiters, Hemingway says as little as possible. He lets the characters speak, and, from them, we discover the inner loneliness of two of the men and the callous prejudices of the other. When Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 1954, his writing style was singled out as one of his foremost achievements. The committee recognized his "forceful and style-making mastery of the art of modern narration."

Hemingway has often been described as a master of dialogue; in story after story, novel after novel, readers and critics have remarked, "This is the way that these characters would really talk." Yet, a close examination of his dialogue reveals that this is rarely the way people really speak. The effect is accomplished, rather, by calculated emphasis and repetition that makes us remember what has been said.

Perhaps some of the best of Hemingway's much-celebrated use of dialogue occurs in "Hills Like White Elephants." When the story opens, two characters  a man and a woman are sitting at a table. We finally learn that the girl's nickname is "Jig." Eventually, we learn that they are in the cafe of a train station in Spain. But Hemingway tells us nothing about them or about their past or about their future. There is no description of them. We don't know their ages. We know virtually nothing about them. The only information that we have about them is what we learn from their dialogue; thus this story must be read very carefully.

This spare, carefully honed and polished writing style of Hemingway was by no means spontaneous. When he worked as a journalist, he learned to report facts crisply and succinctly. He was also an obsessive revisionist. It is reported that he wrote and rewrote all, or portions, of The Old Man and the Sea more than two hundred times before he was ready to release it for publication.

Hemingway took great pains with his work; he revised tirelessly. "A writer's style," he said, "should be direct and personal, his imagery rich and earthy, and his words simple and vigorous." Hemingway more than fulfilled his own requirements for good writing. His words are simple and vigorous, burnished and uniquely brilliant.

FOR WHOM THE BELL TOLLS :-

For Whom The Bell Tolls is the novel that was supposed to win Ernest Hemingway his first Pulitzer Prize in 1941. However, like Sinclair Lewis before him, Hemingway was denied the prize by the President of Columbia University. As the story goes, the 1941 Novel Jury recommended several books for the Pulitzer Prize including, but not primarily, For Whom The Bell Tolls, but the Pulitzer Advisory Board overrode their other recommendations in favor of the critic’s choice, For Whom The Bell Tolls. Before the Board could complete the vote they were blocked by one man: the President of Columbia University, Nicholas Butler Murray. He was ex-officio Chairman of the Pulitzer also Advisory Board and he objected to the ‘lascivious’ content in the novel (Sound familiar? Nicholas Butler Murray also blocked the Pulitzer Prize from being bestowed upon Sinclair Lewis in 1921 for his novel Main Street. Instead the 1921 prize was awarded to Edith Wharton for The Age of Innocence).

Why did no one on the Pulitzer Advisory Board stand up to Nicholas Butler Murray? His story is worth mentioning as he was a fascinating American figure. Nicholas Butler Murray was viewed as something of an autocratic ruler at Columbia University, often wantonly dismissing staff and faculty, prohibiting entry for Jewish students, in a word – he ruled Columbia with an iron first, and yet he was also a respected American statesman. He was the former running mate of William Howard Taft in 1912. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 along with Jane Addams, for his efforts as President of the Carnegie Endowment For International for Peace. He helped to negotiate peace in Europe using his elite relationships with leaders like Kaiser Wilhelm II. Nicholas Butler Murray was also a popular cultural figure. Each year The New York Times printed his annual Christmas Greeting to the nation. He is recognized today as the longest serving President of Columbia University (43 years), a tenure which first began in the role of Interim President in 1901 before he was officially elected to the position of President, serving from 1902-1945. So when Nicholas Butler Murray stood in the doorway of the Pulitzer proceedings, refusing to move while shouting “I hope you will reconsider before you ask the university to be associated with an award for a work of this nature!” -no one dared to stand against him. The full details of the confrontation were later brought to light in 1962 by Arthur Krock, a Pulitzer Board member and New York Times journalist. As a consequence of the fight, no novel was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1941.

That year, the Novel Jury welcomed a newcomer: Dorothy Canfield Fisher, an impressive woman who replaced Robert M. Lovett from the previous year. Dorothy Canfield Fisher is perhaps best known for bringing the Montessori School system to the United States, but she also achieved other important milestones. She was praised by Eleanor Roosevelt as one of the most influential women in America. Alongside Fisher, two veteran Novel Jurists also reprised their roles in 1941: Jefferson B. Fletcher (Literature Professor at Columbia University), and Joseph W. Krutch (Literature Professor at Columbia University and naturalist writer). They considered several other novels aside from For Whom The Bell Tolls including The Trees by Joseph Conrad, The Ox-Bow Incident by Walter Van Tilburg Clark, Native Son by Richard Wright, and Oliver Wiswell by Kenneth Roberts. The Jury apparently reluctantly favored The Trees by Joseph Conrad before the Pulitzer Board unilaterally selected For Whom The Bell Tolls and Nicholas Butler Murray blocked its nomination.

Of course, despite being robbed the first time, Hemingway later won the coveted Pulitzer Prize in 1959 for The Old Man And The Sea (feel free to read my reflections on The Old Man and the Sea here).

For Whom The Bell Tolls is as tense a novel as it is tender. It is the story of love and war -a soldier’s duty contrasted with a lover’s embrace. The book takes us covertly behind enemy lines during the destructive Spanish Civil War of the 1930s (a war which lasted from 1936-1939). The book spans approximately four days, and within that narrow timeframe a lifetime occurs: we gain a profound and complex glimpse into the nature of heroism and cowardice among ordinary people. Amidst the chaos of war and the looming specter of death, For Whom The Bell Tolls also pulls back the curtain on a budding romance between an American soldier and an innocent Spanish girl.

Lionel Trilling's 1937 statement sounds a ring of truth today: “More than any writer of our time he has been under glass, watched, checked up on, predicted, suspected, warned” (62). By the time The Sun Also Rises (TSAR) was published in 1926, the seeds of the Hemingway legend were firmly planted, and the accompanying stream of criticism with its penchant for entanglement in E. H.'s life had begun. Edmund Wilson described the situation in 1927: “The reputation of Ernest Hemingway has, in a very short time, assumed such proportions that it has already become fashionable to disparage him” (Shores 339).

From that time and into the present, a great deal of criticism on E. H.'s works has focused on linking his personal life to his fiction and his characters to living people. Nadine DeVost says that “by 1952, when the film version of ‘The Snows of Kilimanjaro’ appeared, Hemingway's life and the plots of his stories and novels had become thoroughly interchangeable in the public's mind …” (39). Of course, E. H. added fuel to these fires. Yet, we want to remember that although some incidents in Hemingway's life and individuals that he knew may have served as a basis for his fiction, such insights are not necessary for an enjoyment or understanding of his fiction.1 Michael Reynolds says, “After he wrote The Sun Also Rises, most of his readers and more than one biographer assumed that all of his fiction was thinly veiled biography, which it almost never was” (Paris Years 61). Also, as Peter Hays, Robert Lewis (Hemingway in Italy), Reynolds (Hemingway's First War), and others have discovered, most of the time E. H. conducted research before he wrote. It is unfortunate when guesses detract from an objective reading or analysis of his works. To Have and Have Not (THHN) particularly has suffered from conjectures and to such an extent that until recently the novel's text and its clues have not received the attention that they deserve.

As if biographical confusion were not enough, Trilling believed that derogatory criticism had a negative effect on E. H. and blamed it “for the illegitimate emergence of Hemingway the ‘man’”—meaning that E. H. attempted to respond in his works to demands put upon him by critics (62). Trilling is not the only one who believed this; as a matter of fact, this tendency—also prevalent in THHN criticism—serves as a good example of how in some respects Hemingway criticism has changed little over the years. Thirty-three years after Trilling wrote the above, Arthur Waldhorn wrote that “the confusion of sounds from within and without damaged Hemingway's artistic inner ear and contributed to the intellectual imbalance of To Have and Have Not” (153). Jeffrey Meyers wrote thirteen years later than THHN “was a half-hearted attempt to meet the contemporary demand for political awareness …” (Biography 292, emphasis added). Seven years later, Michael M. Boardman stated, “The effect of such continuous scrutiny, especially on a man of such strong aesthetic convictions, was a defensive stance toward his reader” (165, emphasis added). Again, while opinions regarding critical influence on Hemingway's writings may hold interest for some, such speculations offer no insight into his works. Instead—like biographical guesses—they obscure his artistic skill, or relegate it to second in importance. Also, while E. H. was irritated by misguided criticism, it is difficult to prove that much of it ever went so far as to influence his published work. It may, however, have influenced his first drafts, which seem to have served as release valves; it was not uncommon for him to use his own name and those of acquaintances in early drafts. Yet, I have difficulty imagining that he would have allowed anyone or anything to interrupt his search for truth in writing.

Transcendentalists

1.)  Transcendentalists talks about Individual’s relation with Nature. What is Nature for you? Share your views. ?

It’s all about spirituality. Transcendentalism is a philosophy that began in the mid-19th century and whose founding members included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. It centers around the belief that spirituality cannot be achieved through reason and rationalism, but instead through self-reflection and intuition. In other words, transcendentalists believe spirituality isn’t something you can explain; it’s something you feel. A transcendentalist would argue that going for a walk in a beautiful place would be a much more spiritual experience than reading a religious text.

The transcendentalism movement arose as a result of a reaction to Unitarianism as well as the Age of Reason. Both centered on reason as the main source of knowledge, but transcendentalists rejected that notion. 
Transcendentalism is a literary and philosophical motion of the early 1800’s. Transcendentalists operated with a sense that a new epoch was coming. they were critics of their modern society for its thoughtless traditionality. and they advised people to happen “an original relation to the universe”. “The Transcendentalist adopts the whole connexion of religious philosophy. He believes in miracle. in the ageless openness of the human head to new inflow of visible radiation and power ; he believes in inspiration. and in ecstasy” .

To make this people must populate merely and do the best of their life state of affairss while non go throughing judgements on others. Nature’s function in assisting adult male happen peace and felicity is the key to populating a fulfilled life in harmoniousness with the existence. Transcendentalist such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau steadfastly province that man’s relationship with nature are mutualist. and that in order for adult male to populate a fulfilled life he must esteem nature.
Although it is difficult to find precisely when transcendental philosophy began. a likely day of the month is September 19. 1836  . when George Ripley. a Unitarian curate from Boston called a meeting with his friends: Bronson Alcott. Orestes Brownson. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Frederic Hedge. Convers Francis. and James Freeman Clarke. The intent of the meeting was to discourse the defects of Unitarianism  . Members called their group “symposium” and met four to five times a twelvemonth for the following several.

Nature is at the bosom of transcendental philosophy and therefore must be represented and respected in a mode that is worthy in the eyes of God. As a consequence. adult male strives to happen peace and harmoniousness with the existence as he attempts to truly embrace nature and his ideals of God transcend creative activity itself. As God created all that is good. life itself in all it forms: workss. animate beings. and worlds. adult male must therefore regard all these signifiers in order to accomplish life’s highest award. unity with it all.

2.)  Transcendentalism is an American Philosophy that influenced American Literature at length. Can you find any Indian/Regional literature or Philosophy came up with such similar thought?

Transcendentalism was a religious, literary, and political movement that evolved from New England Unitarianism in the 1820s and 1830s. An important expression of Romanticism in the United States, it is principally associated with the work of essayist and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson; journalist and feminist theorist Margaret Fuller; Unitarian minister and antislavery advocate Theodore Parker; and essayist, naturalist, and political theorist Henry David Thoreau. In their initial phase, the transcendentalists extended the Unitarian theological rebellion against Puritan Calvinism, moving toward a post-Christian spirituality that held each man and woman capable of spiritual development and fulfillment. They developed literary as well as theological forms of expression, making perhaps a stronger impact on American literary and artistic culture than they did on American religion. When Emerson delivered two controversial addresses at Harvard, “The American Scholar” (1837) and the Divinity School Address (1838), he emerged as the central figure of a loose coalition of ministers and aspiring authors who questioned religious doctrines, such as the New Testament miracles and the supernatural nature of Jesus, and embraced German Romantic writers and the British Romantics. Sharpened by the controversy that erupted after Emerson’s Divinity School Address, theological and literary thinking among the transcendentalists developed in three interrelated directions in the late 1830s and 1840s. Parker and Emerson continued to extend their theological explorations, with Parker calling in 1841 for a religion based on “permanent” rather than “transient” principles. Emerson and Thoreau began to absorb the spiritual sensibility of Asian religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, which were becoming available more widely in translation. Emerson, Fuller, and Thoreau gave the movement a literary character, based on Emerson’s innovative prose, Fuller’s translations and critical studies of Goethe, and Thoreau’s autobiographical narrative Walden (1854). The transcendentalists also responded to the politically turbulent 1840s and 1850s, devoting themselves to issues of social reform. Fuller published her groundbreaking women’s rights treatise Woman in the Nineteenth Century in 1845, and Thoreau published his influential essay “Civil Disobedience” in 1849, describing his night in the Concord jail as a protesting tax resister. With national tensions rising over slavery in the 1840s and 1850s, Parker became Boston’s great antislavery preacher, and both Emerson and Thoreau wrote ringing antislavery addresses. By the early 1860s, following the outbreak of the Civil War, the transcendentalists had helped formulate the principles that would reshape American culture well into the 20th century.

For Whom the Bell Tolls

Ernest Hemingway :- 

Ernest Hemingway was an American writer who won the Pulitzer Prize (1953) and the Nobel Prize in Literature (1954) for his novel The Old Man and the Sea, which was made into a 1958 film The Old Man and the Sea (1958).

He was born into the hands of his physician father. He was the second of six children of Dr. Clarence Hemingway and Grace Hemingway (the daughter of English immigrants). His father's interests in history and literature, as well as his outdoorsy hobbies (fishing and hunting), became a lifestyle for Ernest. His mother was a domineering type who wanted a daughter, not a son, and dressed Ernest as a girl and called him Ernestine. She also had a habit of abusing his quiet father, who suffered from diabetes, and Dr. Hemingway eventually committed suicide. Ernest later described the community in his hometown as one having "wide lawns and narrow minds".

In 1916 Hemingway graduated from high school and began his writing career as a reporter for The Kansas City Star. There he adopted his minimalist style by following the Star's style guide: "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative." Six months later he joined the Ambulance Corps in WWI and worked as an ambulance driver on the Italian front, picking up human remains. In July 1918 he was seriously wounded by a mortar shell, which left shrapnel in both of his legs causing him much pain and requiring several surgeries. He was awarded the Silver Medal. Back in America, he continued his writing career working for Toronto Star . At that time he met Hadley Richardson and the two married in 1921. In 1921, he became a Toronto Star reporter in Paris. There he published his first books, called "Three Stories and Ten Poems" (1923), and "In Our Time" (1924). In Paris he met Gertrude Stein, who introduced him to the circle that she called the "Lost Generation". F. Scott Fitzgerald, Thornton Wilder, Sherwood Anderson and Ezra Pound were stimulating Hemingway's talent. At that time he wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (1926), "A Farewell to Arms" (1929), and a dazzling collection of Forty-Nine stories. Hemingway also regarded the Russian writers Lev Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Ivan Turgenev and Anton Chekhov as important influences, and met Pablo Picasso and other artists through Gertrude Stein. "A Moveable Feast" (1964) is his classic memoir of Paris after WWI.

Hemingway participated in the Spanish Civil War and took part in the D-Day landings during the invasion of France during World War II, in which he not only reported the action but took part in it. In one instance he threw three hand grenades into a bunker, killing several SS officers. He was decorated with the Bronze Star for his action. His military experiences were emulated in "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940) and in several other stories. He settled near Havana, Cuba, where he wrote his best known work, "The Old Man and the Sea" (1953), for which he won a Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize in Literature. This was adapted as the film The Old Man and the Sea (1958), for which Spencer Tracy was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Actor, and Dimitri Tiomkin received an Oscar for Best Musical Score.

War wounds, two plane crashes, four marriages and several affairs took their toll on Hemingway's hereditary predispositions and contributed to his declining health. He was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and insomnia in his later years. His mental condition was exacerbated by chronic alcoholism, diabetes and liver failure. After an unsuccessful treatment with electro-convulsive therapy, he suffered severe amnesia and his physical condition worsened. The memory loss obstructed his writing and everyday life. He committed suicide in 1961. Posthumous publications revealed a considerable body of his hidden writings, that was edited by his fourth wife, Mary, and also by his son Patrick Hemingway.

For Whom the Bell Tolls is based on Spanish Civil War :-

Set in 1944 Spain, the events of the film take place towards the end of the Second World War, where after the endless struggles of the Resistance and allied forces, the Nazi occupation has finally been withdrawn from France. A Spanish guerilla group gets hyped up by this victory and decides to reclaim Spanish territory by overthrowing General Franco with a bang.

When they set out to destroy the regime’s infrastructure, not everything goes as planned and the Spanish army ends up interrupting their process. With this, almost every member of the group of rebels ends up dying. Vicente Roig, one of the two survivors, ends up getting arrested, whereas, on the other hand, Anselmo Rojas somehow manages to escape, but is left deaf with the impact of the explosions.

Captain Bosch becomes obsessed with Rojas’ escape and to capture him, he hires Darya Sergéevich, who is a young merciless sniper from Bolshevik Russia. Soon Rojas finds himself in a tough spot where he is forced to take the help of his ex-girlfriend, Rosa, who now happens to be the wife of his arrested comrade Vicente. Although this does reignite their old flame for a few brief moments, Rojas is forced to face his new reality where he is nothing but a wanted man, who’ll have to tread a path of utter loneliness.

The Film Based on “For Whom the Bell Tolls”? 

The (Silent) War’ is alluded from one of the best works of Ernest Hemingway”For Whom the Bell Tolls”. Just like the movie, the novel is also set up in the backdrop of the Spanish Civil War where the Loyalists rebel against the barbaric rule of the fascist government. Even the novel is written from a perspective that sympathizes more with the loyalists and highlights their struggles against the Nationalists.
Moreover, even the protagonists of both the movie and novel are pretty much the same. Both the characters Anselmo Rojas (in the movie) and Robert Jordan (in the novel), fight on the side of the loyalists against General Franco’s “fascist” forces and later decides to blow up a bridge with his men.
Apart from that, both the movie and novel share the common theme of mortality, love, warfare, and politics. The themes of morality set in when all the characters, in one way or the other, are forced to either accept their own death or the death of their loved ones. A small part of both stories also deals with love.

In the novel, Robert Jordan, after an unexpected encounter with a Spanish girl, ends up falling in love with her and it gives him a new reason to live in a world where nothing seems right. Similarly in the movie, Anselmo Rojas is able the light at the end of the tunnel when he rekindles with his old love interest. Almost all the characters of both take more of a cynical perspective on human nature and bogged down by the war. But the hope for love still remains.
Both the mediums portray the cruel reality of warfare with grave details and show how it drastically impacts the lives of all the characters. While the physical losses are pretty evident, even the psychological losses completely destroy the lives of innocents who are caught up in its core. And finally, the conflict between the leftists and the fascist Nationalists, which forms the core of the premise of both the mediums, highlights the political themes in both.

Waiting for Godot

Samuel Beckett :-

Samuel Beckett was born near Dublin, Ireland, on April 13, 1906 into a Protestant, middle class home. His father was a quantity surveyor and his mother worked as a nurse. At the age of 14 he was sent to the same school that Oscar Wilde attended. Beckett is known to have commented, "I had little talent for happiness." This was evidenced by his frequent bouts of depression, even as a young man. He often stayed in bed until late in the afternoon and hated long conversations. As a young poet he apparently rejected the advances of James Joyce's daughter and then commented that he did not have feelings that were human.  This sense of depression would show up in much of his writing, especially in Waiting for Godot where it is a struggle to get through life.

Samuel Beckett moved to Paris in 1926 and met James Joyce. He soon respected the older writer so much that at the age of 23 he wrote an essay defending Joyce's magnum opus to the public. In 1927, one year later, he won his first literary prize for his poem entitled "Whoroscope." The essay was about the philosopher Descartes meditating on the subject of time and about the transiency of life. Beckett then completed a study of Proust which eventually led him to believe that habit was the "cancer of time." At this point Beckett left his post at Trinity College and traveled.

All of Beckett's major works were written in French. He believed that French forced him to be more disciplined and to use the language more wisely. However, Waiting for Godot was eventually translated into the English by Beckett himself. Samuel Beckett also became one of the first absurdist playwrites to win international fame. His works have been translated into over twenty languages. In 1969 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature, one of the few times this century that almost everyone agreed the recipient deserved it. He continued to write until his death in 1989, but towards the end he remarked that each word seemed to him "an unnecessary stain on silence and nothingness."

 Works by Samuel Beckett :-

1.  Act Without Words
2. Happy Days
3. Malone Dies
4. “Waiting for Godot”
5. “The Unnamable”
6. “Molloy”
7. “Watt”
8. “Endgame”
9. “Murphy”
10. “Whoroscope

 Waiting for Godot :-

Waiting for Godot is generally considered as a masterpiece example of what has come to be known as the theater of the absurd. The play is written by an Irish novelist, Samuel Beckett, a prominent literary figure well known for this work, and remembered as the founder of the theatre of absurd. The play was performed in 1949, having the theme of existentialist philosophy. The play Waiting for Godot is famous for purposeless characters, meaningless actions, and lacking a basic plot.

Setting of the play :-

one such play of an Irish playwright Beckett presents this image of a tree differently in the setting of his play. The setting of the play 'Waiting for Godot' by Samuel Beckett is inspired by two paintings by Caspar David Friedrich - a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter. The title of this painting is 'longing'.

Themes of Waiting for Godot :-

1. ABSURDITY :-

The play has the repetition of many words and phrases, nonsensical lines, purposeless characters, meaningless dialogues, and wordplay. Characters both Vladimir and Estragon have forgotten everything even about their own identities. The text is full of humor but mixed up with tragedy . Vladimir and Estragon's nonsensical actions, suicide attempts, and rude behavior with Lucky on the Pozo's side create a discomforting effect on the audience. The play confuses readers as well as the audience whether to laugh or cry at the events presented on the stage. The useless conversations and extreme utterance of characters showed the emptiness and aimless world after World War II.

2. PURPOSELESSNESS OF LIFE :-

  Vladimir and Estragon have some purpose, but Godot's not arriving make their waiting vain. The visiting of Pozo and Lucky in the first act likely seems that Pozo wants to sell him but failed to do so as the play progress and ultimately shown to be equally purposeless. They are simply wandering from place to place, while on the other hand, Estragon and Lucky doing different acts even an empty suicide attempt. . The theater of absurd has a special message that life is purposeless vividly shows in the play Waiting for Godot. The boy's message is also equally vain, that Godot is never coming. Both Estragon and Vladimir are waiting for a long time without any purpose completely conform to the characteristics of the theater of absurd.

3. UNCERTAINTY OF TIME :-

Time is uncertain in this play, but in the opening scene, it passes normally. Morning, daytime, and evening pass systematically, but the characters are sometimes showing confusion about it again and again. Many scenes show that they wait a long time. In the second act, the growth of leaves also suggests the same, and on the other hand, Estragon and Vladimir have no firm idea of how long they have been together or how long ago they did .the scenes and event repeating the same way every day, but Estragon and Vladimir never remember to bring the rope they would need to hang themselves.It shows the meaningless life and cheap use of time.

4. THEME OF RELATIONSHIP :-Relationship and Friendship is one of the major themes of the play Waiting for Godot. The writer explores and portrays different types of relationships ranging from friendship to slave and ownership. Of course, they are different entities with different physical as well as mental problems but on combining they play a big role in the play.

1. Relationship between Estragon and Vladimir

2. Association of Pozzo and Lucky

3. Relationship of Estragon and Vladimir with Godot.

5. THEME OF EXISTENTIALISM :-

Both the characters Vladimir and Estragon put themselves into an absurd situation just like humans have been put in the world without any motivation.Samuel Beckett's play 'Waiting for Godot' exposes that it is up to the individual to change the meaning of life through personal experience in the world and make it better.

In very simple words the philosophy of existentialism means that every person is responsible for his actions and no second person is pulling his strings or controlling his fate.

Characters of Waiting for Godot :-

Vladimir (Didi) :- An old derelict dressed like a tramp; along with his companion of many years, he comes to a bleak, desolate place to wait for Godot.

Estragon (Gogo) :- Vladimir's companion of many years who is overly concerned with his physical needs, but is repeatedly told by Vladimir that, above all, they must wait for Godot.

Pozzo :-  A traveling man dressed rather elaborately; he arrives driving another man (Lucky) forward by means of a rope around the latter's neck.

Lucky :- The "slave" who obeys Pozzo absolutely.

Boy Messenger :- I and Boy Messenger II Each is a young boy who works for "Mr. Godot" and brings Vladimir and Estragon news about "Mr. Godot"; apparently he takes messages back to "Mr. Godot."

Godot :-  He never appears in the drama, but he is an entity that Vladimir and Estragon are waiting for.

Waiting for Godot :-

Two men, Vladimir and Estragon, meet near a tree. They converse on various topics and reveal that they are waiting there for a man named Godot. While they wait, two other men enter. Pozzo is on his way to the market to sell his slave, Lucky. He pauses for a while to converse with Vladimir and Estragon. Lucky entertains them by dancing and thinking, and Pozzo and Lucky leave.

After Pozzo and Lucky leave, a boy enters and tells Vladimir that he is a messenger from Godot. He tells Vladimir that Godot will not be coming tonight, but that he will surely come tomorrow. Vladimir asks him some questions about Godot and the boy departs. After his departure, Vladimir and Estragon decide to leave, but they do not move as the curtain falls.

The next night, Vladimir and Estragon again meet near the tree to wait for Godot. Lucky and Pozzo enter again, but this time Pozzo is blind and Lucky is dumb. Pozzo does not remember meeting the two men the night before. They leave and Vladimir and Estragon continue to wait.

Shortly after, the boy enters and once again tells Vladimir that Godot will not be coming. He insists that he did not speak to Vladimir yesterday. After he leaves, Estragon and Vladimir decide to leave, but again they do not move as the curtain falls, ending the play.

Existentialism

 Hello, readers

                       This blog is a part of Flipped Learning activity in which our task is to watch videos about Existentialism and write down whatever we understand.

  1.What is Existentialism?

Though existentialists differs in their views on Existentialism but in one or another way they share a basic belief of this term. From this video, I like that triangle idea of freedom, individuality, and passion which are the three sides of Existentialism. Along with it, the idea of philosophical suicide is quite interesting.

2.The Myth of Sisyphus : The Absurd Reasoning

Second video about the myth of Sisyphus; the Absurd Reasoning. taking about an absurd reasoning Comus starts this essay.
Absurd Reasoning there is but one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide. he focuses on the matter of suicide. he shot himself on the Brooklyn bridge. he said it was the best artwork of the 19th century. life is filled with despair and absurdity and life is meaningless. life is the most urgent of questions." the silence of the heart ad is a great work of art. this video comparison with the movie "stay".

  3.  The notion of philosophical suicide

It’s worth watching the video to understand the concept of Philosophical suicide. . When we start to kill our own self as philosophers at that time it becomes Philosophical suicide. Why the absurdity takes place? It takes place because of the conflict between humans and the world. If there are no human beings, there would not be any desire. Without human beings, there should not be the question of absurdity. It can be said that absurdity is an ultimate reality of human life but at the same time for an absurd mind reason is useless and there is nothing beyond reasons. In this situation may our reliance be the ultimate solution of absurdity.

4.  Dadaism, Nihilism, and Existentialism :-

This video these are Dadaism, Nihilism, and Existentialism movement values and it deals with the movement. Dadaism is a quest for change new value and new path. Dadaism contents and value itself but it is against the value of Existentialism hence it essence with Nihilism. it was in 1916 that the Dada movement, and it is associated with Nihilism. The absurdity of life connected with Dadaism.
Dada + Art Movement = Nihilism
                           Dadaism a a way of becoming free of everything.

5.   Existentialism – a gloomy philosophy

Existentialism came after the second world war when the people tried to find the meaning in life among the gloominess of despair. Though life is full of anxiety, despair, and absurdity, we are free to give our own values to ourselves. But after following whatever we have chosen it’s become one’s own responsibility. The result should be either in favor or in against but escapism in a bad situation should not be there. Being an individual is also considered narcissistic but in actual it’s not true.

  6.Existentialism and Nihilism: Is it one and the same?

Existentialism is not said like nihilism say there is no meaning or purpose to life, but existentialism dealing with finding exist behind anything.
NIHILISM = THE LOSS OF INDIVIDUALITY (LEVELING)
             That the highest values devaluate themselves. nihilism is not a necessary characteristic of Existentialism. Existentialism dealing with one can create their own personal subjective meaning. nihilism dealing with this idea with no personal subjective meaning.
    7.Existentialist again!
Existentialists reject systems that propose to have to define answers to the questions of meaning and purpose in life. Generally, it questions human existence.

    8.Existentialism and Nietzsche

Friedrich Nietzsche, who gave the idea of "Ubermensche". is the philosophy for freedom. freedom of doing whatever human wants. as it says that no universal morality can make us individual or give us the meaning to life.

    9.Why I like Existentialism? Eric Dodson

Existentialism is a way of life and understands life deeply. Existentialism says about what I am Eric Dodson said that it is honest and shows the reality of life and accept your fault and your abilities.
 

10.From Essentialism to Existentialism:-

In this video, there is an example of an army man who wants to serve his mother and nation at the same time but it’s not possible to serve them at the same time. No one gives an answer to him as it’s a matter of individual choice. Because it is an individual choice to make their decision or follow the path suggested by others. There is no answer until we choose for ourselves. Individual meaning to our life is given by only us as well as a truly authentic decision can only be made by one's own moral code.

I like the video-8 "Explain Like I'm Five: Existentialism and Nietzsche that human beings have the power of everything it means human being can make their own rules and be a superman and he/she can do whatever they want.
Flipped learning is best to learn from anywhere, I like it most because it provides us content with appropriate pictures and signs so it would easy to understand the content.  through this learning, we can improve our listening skill from a native speaker and also we can improve our memory to remember the speaker's words and note down. And also we can learn how to pronounce spells. At last, I can say that we can learn from anywhere in our time through flipped learning.

I.A.Richards Figurative Language

 I.A.Richards Figurative Language:-

Ivor Armstrong Richards was a pioneer in the domain of New Criticism. His practical approach gave a new path to literary criticism. Instead of intuitive and impressionistic criticism, it became more factual & scientific. In his methodology, a lot of importance is given to the “words”.

He believed that the poet writes to communicate, and language is the means of that communication. Language is made of words, and hence a study of words is all-important if we are to understand the meaning of a work of art. Words carry four kinds of meaning: Sense, Feelings, Tone, and Intention.

To him, the language of poetry is purely emotive, in its original primitive state. This language affects feelings. Hence we must avoid the intuitive and over-literal reading of poems. Words in poetry have an emotive value, and the figurative language used by poets conveys those emotions effectively and forcefully.

Therefore here, I have done a verbal  Analysis of Bollywood Song: Tip Tip Barsa Paani

आहा हा हा हा आहा.. टिप-टिप बरसा पानी 

टिप-टिप बरसा पानी 

पानी ने आग लगाई 

आग लगी दिल में तो 

दिल को तेरी याद आई 

तेरी याद आई तो 

जल उठा मेरा भीगा बदन 

अब तू ही बताओ साजन मैं क्या करूं.. 

न न न न नाम तेरा मेरे लबों पर आया था

हो नाम तेरा मेरे लबों पर आया था 

हो मैंने बहाने से तुम्हे बुलाया था 

झूम कर आ गया सावन मैं क्या करूं 

टिप-टिप बरसा पानी  

पानी ने आग लगाई

आग लगी दिल में तो 

दिल को तेरी याद आई

तेरी याद आई तो  

जल उठा मेरा भीगा बदन 

अब तुम ही बताओ साजन मैं क्या करूं.. 

ये हे आ हा हा.. आ हा आहा..  

डू डू डू डू डूबा दरिया में खड़ा मैं साहिल पर 

हो डूबा दरिया में खड़ा मैं साहिल पर 

तू बिजली बनकर गिरी मेरे दिल पर 

चली ऐसी ये पागल पवन मैं क्या करूं.. 

टिप-टिप बरसा पानी पानी ने आग लगाई 

आग लगी दिल में तो दिल को तेरी याद आई

तेरी याद आई तो छा गया मुझपे दीवानापन

मेरे बस में नहीं मेरा मन मैं क्या करूं..

ये हे आ हा हा.. आ हा आहा..

Analysis of song:- 

Tip Tip Barsa Paani is Hindi song, taken from movie Mohra (1994) sung by Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan. Lyrics penned by Anand Bakshi. Composed by Viju Shah. Starring Akshay Kumar and Raveena Tandon.

This song represents the situation of the beloved during the Rainy season whenever she socks in water at that time her feelings become more powerful thus she feels like fire in her heat as well as in her body. These feelings recognized her about her lover, and when she remembered him Once again A rainy season comes back with enthusiasm. Then the second part was sung by her lover and he sang that he was standing at rivage and the whole sea gets drown. Then he said that her beloved fall like thunder on him and then walk like a crazy wind and asked what I do?

I.A. RICHARD'S suggested that misunderstanding in understanding poems happens oftenly. there for he gave four kinds of meaning.

1]Sense

2]Feeling

3]Tone 

4]Intention

Then He gave Tenor - Vehicle - Metapher

and then He gave -Two use of language Emotive & Scientific. Metaphorical language always suggests Connotative or Emotive use of language, whereas Denotative or literal suggests Scientific language. So according to Richard's we have to give more importance to words rather than any Metaphorical language.

टिप-टिप बरसा पानी  

पानी ने आग लगाई

  आग लगी दिल में तो 

    दिल को तेरी याद आई

This song is absolutely nonsensical Because we all know that Water and Fire are opposite of one another, whenever Water appears; Fire will definitely Disappear. but here this song suggests something else which is nothing more than nonsensical or highly exaggerated of language. If Plato was alive he will definitely Ban this song because it impacts very harmful on children's mind as well as there is nothing true in it, means this song teach lies. This song suggests that her Heart is Fired by water and therefore she recognized her beloved. but a common logic is that If her heart was fired then how she could be alive? means she has to die!

ये हे आ हा हा.. आ हा आहा..  

             डू डू डू डू डूबा दरिया में खड़ा मैं साहिल पर 

    हो डूबा दरिया में खड़ा मैं साहिल पर 

  तू बिजली बनकर गिरी मेरे दिल पर 

     चली ऐसी ये पागल पवन मैं क्या करूं..

These lines also suggest that how lies can be spoken by songs. I could not understand that how is this possible that one can stand on littoral and sea was drawn? The second last line insists, How a human being can befall like thunder and If we supposed for a moment then science says that a normal human being definitely dies of shock.

So, I found that there are many things, which are just misuse of language nothing else and therefore it sounds nothing Worthful.

Mahendrasinh Parmar

Mahendrasinh Parmar 

He was born on 2 October 1967 in Naliya, a town in the Kutch district of Gujarat. He completed his Master of Arts in Gujarati literature from Bhavnagar University and received Ph.D. from the same University in 1998. He serves as a professor at Bhavnagar University since 1996. He married in 1996 and has two daughters. He lives in Bhavnagar.

Since 2002, his short stories appeared in various collections of Gujarati short stories. He has done numerous shows of the public reading of literary works under the title Vachikam. His critical works published as Pratham in 2009. Polytechnic (2016) is a short story collection while Rakhdu no Kagal (2016) is a collection of his personal essays. He wrote several plays.

His book Polytechnic (2016) was shortlisted for the Sahitya Akademi Award (2020)

"ISI no Haath ":-

"ISI no Haath" is a very wonderful short story by Mahendrasinh Parmar. This short story is a satire on "Religion". By reading it the first time I thought it is about "ISI " who might have done some wrong work and he is responsible for that, but when I read it twice then I realize that it is about the partial behavioral pattern of religion and how it creates terrorists. 

In this short story, we knew about the people whose life ruined because of the temple. their name is Ishvar Dabhi, Sharad Joshi, Indrajit Dholakiya.

Ishvar was a scrap collector or scavenger or junk man. He used to collect old newspapers but when the temple was built it was told to people to give old newspapers to them. so, people thought that it would be better to give newspaper to the temple so in the name of faith and religion people don't give old newspaper to Ishvar that was a reason that his business was broken.

Sharad was belonging to a poor family. her mother was the best to cook.  His mother and father feed people and earn money. due to the temple, their business was broken as we know that temple provides food to people for 600 Rs per month. when his father knew the reality he died.

Indrajit was a professor. He talks about religious people. Temple was the Profession for earning money. He talked about the temple. the land was given by Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji for education purposes but later on, the land was taken by religious people to build temples. we can see how religion ruined education.

 Here, we can see the imaginative power of Mahendrasinh parmar .we can say that he indirectly criticized the reality of Aksharvadi Temple of Bhavnagar. In this short story when we read the words of professor Indrajeet, when a policeman was inquiring and telling them that this land was donated to the University for educational purpose by his highness Maharaja Krishnakumarsihnji, the last Maharaja of Gohil Dynasty. Hence, the professor and many others against this temple and also the professor from the Chemistry department, and also Sir P.P Institute is connected with the Aksharvadi temple and also this event actually happened in the past. So it is an imaginative truth very aptly conveyed by writes through this story and also a satire on politics and on religious institute also that they shut the mouth of people who spoke against the temple through the power and we also see in the story that all three characters turned in the favor of the temple.

 In contemporary times also we can see that leaders are taking interest in making their idols instead of making hospitals. there are many people who are not getting one-time food but leaders do not care. In previous years which grounds were for children to play not it has built with a building.

2) Intellectual Indubhai:

'Intellectual Indubhai' is a very interesting short story in Polytechnic by Mahendrasinh Parmar. This short story is about one professor, Indubhai. He was a very intellectual and kind-hearted person. He was teaching a lesson of humanity. He was also taught his thoughts of Gandhiji, Narsinh Mehta, Meera, Eliot, and Rilke. But one day he faced the cruel situation in which majority and minority communal riots happened and people killed and burned each other. After seeing that kind of situation Indubhai remembered the western thinkers. Here, the writer of this story seems very knowledgeable because he reminds me of western literature. The story begins with one sister telling a story to his brother about Indubhai.’Intellectual Indubhai’. The beginning of the story is quite interesting. Both Brother and sister create a satire on English words. It also describes still lots of people having trouble with the English language and education. At the end of the story, Indubhai becomes made. He lost his memory and just indicated everyone by using the name of a great poet, philosopher, and author.