The Ministry Of Utmost Happiness :

   I am Asari Bhavyang and I am a student of English Department at Mkbu. recently we completed "The Ministry Of Utmost Happiness" book by Arundhati Roy. we got a goggle classroom task by Dilip Barad sir. we have talked about Political issues in the novel,  Gender concerns in the novel, Environmental concerns in the novel / Ecofeminist study, Narrative Patterns in the novel. so, let's begin...

Arundhati Roy :-

Arundhati Roy, born in 1960 in Kerala, India, was an architecture student at the Delhi School of Architecture. Although she was trained in architecture, her interest was not in that field; she envisioned herself growing as a writer. Her first work, ‘The God of Small Things’ (1997) kickstarted her career as an author. This work led to her winning the Booker Prize for Fiction and was published in 19 countries in 16 languages, selling around 6 million copies. Her general style of literary output was composed of political nonfiction, capitalism, and struggles related to her homeland. She was often met with conflict with Indian authorities because of her active role in numerous human rights and environmental causes. She faced criticism because she vocally supported Naxalite insurgency groups. She voiced out her concerns and thoughts about various issues such as, the need for inclusion of Afghan women in the peace talks between the Untied States and Taliban, against the arrest of a professor who was arrested for alleged Maoist links, Kashmiri independence, prevention of the construction of dams in Narmada etc. Hence, in recognition of her involvement in her advocacy of human rights, in 2002, she was awarded the Lannan Cultural Freedom Award, the Sydney Peace Prize in 2004 and also the Sahitya Akademi Award from the Indian Academy of Letters in 2006.

The Ministry Of Utmost Happiness :- 

1) Political issues in the novel:- 

The novel, The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, reflects a specific political purpose and acts as a tool of political propaganda. The idea of political fiction became common in the twentieth century, mostly after World War I. This new fictional pattern gave a chance of expressing to those sensible groups of writers who were disturbed by the power-hungry dictatorial governments. Those political works included different political ideologies, the impact of politics on society, people, their hopes, and their fears. Writers found space for writing on issues that were dominant at that time, such as war, gender discrimination, justice, race, economic problems, etc. thus, the genre of political novels gained the attention of the writers.

However, the idea of a political novel has remained unclear because the concept of politics, to be represented by a political novel is vague as well as complicated. In a layman's language, a political novel is a work of fiction that discusses politics, politicians, governments, political leaders, etc. It discusses political behavior and most importantly contemporary ideas, life, and issues of society. Any novel written in support of a particular faction, is in effect a political instrument, even if not in intent. A writer may claim to be impartial, yet the readers may observe the ideology in the work. Such novels present phenomena or people, with intense political seriousness. Joseph Blotner, in his book The Modern American Political Novel, explains the concept of political fiction in detail. He has classified the political novels into the sub-categories, such as, "the novel as a political instrument", "the novel as a mirror of national character", "the novel as an analyst of group behavior" or "the novelist as a political historian". He has further explained the concept of the novel as a political instrument in his book. By political instrument, he means a novel that serves a specific purpose, mainly as a tool of political propaganda for a particular ideology, party, or individual. It could also have been written favoring a particular political faction over the other. 

According to her, the solution to the problem of Kashmir is independence from India. Her stance on the Kashmir issue has been highlighted in the various stages of the second part of the novel. Her ideology of freedom for Kashmir is evident through the character of Musa, a freedom fighter. The novel depicts the activist side of the author, through the characters and the incidents narrated. The historical references of the Ahmedabad Massacre and the Kashmir fight also illustrate the political ideas of the writer. Her choice of the word "Ministry" in the title also shows that the novel aims to point out the political issues under the cover of social matters and the lives of the unique characters.

2) Gender concerns in the novel:-

Hijra is a distinctive South Asia known for their gender and sexual difference and associated with their transgender and intersex identities. Otherwise known as transwomen, they are traditionally subjected to prejudices and embedded within narratives of exclusion, discrimination, and the subculture. As a result, Hijras are typically perceived as isolated, abject, and passive victims who remain social and economic peripheries. Concerning the stereotypical image of hijras, this study explores Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness to examine the novel’s problematization of hijras in India. In this novel, sexual and gender non-conformity are addressed within characters desiring to be neither a man nor a woman.  This framework allows for a manifestation of gender flexibility and feminine writing as a tool for self-emancipation. Both protagonists Anjum and Tilo, illustrate that hijras are not predetermined but are formulated in a complex process of a conscious rewriting of the self. While the former character resists heteropatriarchal normativity through her conscious alterations of the phallogocentric structure of her Urdu language, the latter defies societal conventions of family and marriage with unorthodox views and actions that are materialized in the writing of her story.

3) Environmental concerns in the novel / Ecofeminist study :-

The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, draws out the issues of the deteriorated condition of river due to construction of dams and the sewage system of industrial wastages, the ‘otherness’ of animals , birds, fishes and trees and their easy exploitation, the wiping out of sparrow, vulture from biodiversity due to excessive scientific manifestations, the predicament of zoo animals, the abolition of forest for the steel and mining factories and the uselessness of nuclear testing etc. The author unravels that most of the environmental delapidations are the result of Euro-American ideology of ‘development’ project which is a disguised form of neo-colonialism and imperialism.

The Ministry of Utmost Happiness investigates the current environmental problems and my whole-hearted endevour in  Roy’s influential task in the light of postcolonial ecocriticism.The Ministry of Utmost Happiness has shown this in an unobtrusive way and demands a sharp and scholastic observation from the readers. The novel opens with a prologue and the prologue provides author’s concern for lower species. The unquenchable thirst of human beings has led the demise of ‘white-baked vulture’, the scavengers of dead and the death of sparrow due to environmental changes, -

 “sparrow that have gone missing, and the old white-baked vultures custodians of dead for more than a hundred years, that have been wiped out,”

Thus Arundhuti Roy has expressed her libertarian and ecological ideas in a penetrative way in this novel. The present novel criticizes the development and questions the state-oriented policy and betrays the root cause of ecological problems and explores the after-effect of dominating nature. She caters the whole world by hinting solutions to the ecological problems prevalent in the present world. She tries whole-heartedly to save the costly lives of the people of this world by creating an eco-consciousness among readers. Arundhati Roy’s only concern is to create public awareness about environmental degradation and its negative impact of human life and other species through her writings. And as a responsible writer she has penned her experience beautifully in her present novel and successfully decodes the ecological imperialism of First World nations.

4) Narrative Patterns in the novel :-

The Ministry of Utmost Happiness due to the incoherency in the narrative pattern. The narrative starts at the unusual setting of a necropolis, to depict the long litany of necropolitics created by the corrupted pseudo-democratic setup of India,under the clutches of globalization, materialization, industrialization, westernization and the other long list of existing political scams. By the order of structure, the novel starts with the story of Anjum, a trans-woman, precisely a woman trapped in a man‟s body. The time gap is adjusted to tell the story of Anjum right from her birth to the events that led her to the first setting of the graveyard. Through this part of the narrative, Roy molds the one half of the dystopian sphere by etching the caste craze, media politics, gender politics, globalization, islamophobia etc. that rules the democratic India, which cracked the whole set up and demolished the “the ministry of utmost happiness”. The when Anjum and her party on the process of molding the utopia within the necropolis reaches Janata Mantar, the conjoining point of the novel, Anjum falls into a rabbit-hole, and the readers are tangentially taken into another dystopian half, to bring out some characters from that side into the fabrication of the utopia in the necropolis.

 The novel depicts the tales of four college mates, whose lives are intertwined by love. Tilo, the unconventional, rebellious, architect student and a to-be member of Anjum‟s utopia, is the unfulfilled love of the next narrator Biplab Das, who later to become a bureaucrat, Naga later to become a successful journalist and Musa, a Kashmiri forced to intensely involve himself in the struggle for freedom. The other half of the already framed dystopia is created through the star-crossed love of Musa and Tilo by showing the injustice of the government towards the downtrodden marginalized masses like women, poor, Kashmiri people, orphans, untouchables etc. This phase deconstructs the stereotypical notion of hero-worship of army,and the corruption in other governmental institution like police forces, doctors, politicians etc.

The narrative builds up the dystopian society, giving the readers an apocalyptical warning, whereas in the undercurrent Roy creates a utopia, build up by the rejects of the society under the guidance of Anjum. Miss Jebeen the second or Miss Udaya Jabeen is the ultimate diptych link in the narrative, connecting both halves of the dystopia, and is considered as a savior, who would help in the propagation of the maneuver of empathy, which in turn shows Roy‟s hope in the future generation, unlike her tone in The End of Imagination.

The Ministry Of Utmost Happiness

  I am Asari Bhavyang and I am a student of English Department at Mkbu. recently we completed "The Ministry Of Utmost Happiness" book by Arundhati Roy. we got a goggle classroom task by Dilip Barad sir. we have talked about Political issues in the novel,  Gender concerns in the novel, Environmental concerns in the novel / Ecofeminist study, Narrative Patterns in the novel. so, let's begin...

Arundhati Roy :-

Arundhati Roy, born in 1960 in Kerala, India, was an architecture student at the Delhi School of Architecture. Although she was trained in architecture, her interest was not in that field; she envisioned herself growing as a writer. Her first work, ‘The God of Small Things’ (1997) kickstarted her career as an author. This work led to her winning the Booker Prize for Fiction and was published in 19 countries in 16 languages, selling around 6 million copies. Her general style of literary output was composed of political nonfiction, capitalism, and struggles related to her homeland. She was often met with conflict with Indian authorities because of her active role in numerous human rights and environmental causes. She faced criticism because she vocally supported Naxalite insurgency groups. She voiced out her concerns and thoughts about various issues such as, the need for inclusion of Afghan women in the peace talks between the Untied States and Taliban, against the arrest of a professor who was arrested for alleged Maoist links, Kashmiri independence, prevention of the construction of dams in Narmada etc. Hence, in recognition of her involvement in her advocacy of human rights, in 2002, she was awarded the Lannan Cultural Freedom Award, the Sydney Peace Prize in 2004 and also the Sahitya Akademi Award from the Indian Academy of Letters in 2006.

The Ministry Of Utmost Happiness :- 

1) Political issues in the novel:- 

The novel, The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, reflects a specific political purpose and acts as a tool of political propaganda. The idea of political fiction became common in the twentieth century, mostly after World War I. This new fictional pattern gave a chance of expressing to those sensible groups of writers who were disturbed by the power-hungry dictatorial governments. Those political works included different political ideologies, the impact of politics on society, people, their hopes, and their fears. Writers found space for writing on issues that were dominant at that time, such as war, gender discrimination, justice, race, economic problems, etc. thus, the genre of political novels gained the attention of the writers.

However, the idea of a political novel has remained unclear because the concept of politics, to be represented by a political novel is vague as well as complicated. In a layman's language, a political novel is a work of fiction that discusses politics, politicians, governments, political leaders, etc. It discusses political behavior and most importantly contemporary ideas, life, and issues of society. Any novel written in support of a particular faction, is in effect a political instrument, even if not in intent. A writer may claim to be impartial, yet the readers may observe the ideology in the work. Such novels present phenomena or people, with intense political seriousness. Joseph Blotner, in his book The Modern American Political Novel, explains the concept of political fiction in detail. He has classified the political novels into the sub-categories, such as, "the novel as a political instrument", "the novel as a mirror of national character", "the novel as an analyst of group behavior" or "the novelist as a political historian". He has further explained the concept of the novel as a political instrument in his book. By political instrument, he means a novel that serves a specific purpose, mainly as a tool of political propaganda for a particular ideology, party, or individual. It could also have been written favoring a particular political faction over the other. 

According to her, the solution to the problem of Kashmir is independence from India. Her stance on the Kashmir issue has been highlighted in the various stages of the second part of the novel. Her ideology of freedom for Kashmir is evident through the character of Musa, a freedom fighter. The novel depicts the activist side of the author, through the characters and the incidents narrated. The historical references of the Ahmedabad Massacre and the Kashmir fight also illustrate the political ideas of the writer. Her choice of the word "Ministry" in the title also shows that the novel aims to point out the political issues under the cover of social matters and the lives of the unique characters.

2) Gender concerns in the novel:-

Hijra is a distinctive South Asia known for their gender and sexual difference and associated with their transgender and intersex identities. Otherwise known as transwomen, they are traditionally subjected to prejudices and embedded within narratives of exclusion, discrimination, and the subculture. As a result, Hijras are typically perceived as isolated, abject, and passive victims who remain social and economic peripheries. Concerning the stereotypical image of hijras, this study explores Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness to examine the novel’s problematization of hijras in India. In this novel, sexual and gender non-conformity are addressed within characters desiring to be neither a man nor a woman.  This framework allows for a manifestation of gender flexibility and feminine writing as a tool for self-emancipation. Both protagonists Anjum and Tilo, illustrate that hijras are not predetermined but are formulated in a complex process of a conscious rewriting of the self. While the former character resists heteropatriarchal normativity through her conscious alterations of the phallogocentric structure of her Urdu language, the latter defies societal conventions of family and marriage with unorthodox views and actions that are materialized in the writing of her story.

3) Environmental concerns in the novel / Ecofeminist study :-

The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, draws out the issues of the deteriorated condition of river due to construction of dams and the sewage system of industrial wastages, the ‘otherness’ of animals , birds, fishes and trees and their easy exploitation, the wiping out of sparrow, vulture from biodiversity due to excessive scientific manifestations, the predicament of zoo animals, the abolition of forest for the steel and mining factories and the uselessness of nuclear testing etc. The author unravels that most of the environmental delapidations are the result of Euro-American ideology of ‘development’ project which is a disguised form of neo-colonialism and imperialism.

The Ministry of Utmost Happiness investigates the current environmental problems and my whole-hearted endevour in  Roy’s influential task in the light of postcolonial ecocriticism.The Ministry of Utmost Happiness has shown this in an unobtrusive way and demands a sharp and scholastic observation from the readers. The novel opens with a prologue and the prologue provides author’s concern for lower species. The unquenchable thirst of human beings has led the demise of ‘white-baked vulture’, the scavengers of dead and the death of sparrow due to environmental changes, -

 “sparrow that have gone missing, and the old white-baked vultures custodians of dead for more than a hundred years, that have been wiped out,”

Thus Arundhuti Roy has expressed her libertarian and ecological ideas in a penetrative way in this novel. The present novel criticizes the development and questions the state-oriented policy and betrays the root cause of ecological problems and explores the after-effect of dominating nature. She caters the whole world by hinting solutions to the ecological problems prevalent in the present world. She tries whole-heartedly to save the costly lives of the people of this world by creating an eco-consciousness among readers. Arundhati Roy’s only concern is to create public awareness about environmental degradation and its negative impact of human life and other species through her writings. And as a responsible writer she has penned her experience beautifully in her present novel and successfully decodes the ecological imperialism of First World nations.

4) Narrative Patterns in the novel :-

The Ministry of Utmost Happiness due to the incoherency in the narrative pattern. The narrative starts at the unusual setting of a necropolis, to depict the long litany of necropolitics created by the corrupted pseudo-democratic setup of India,under the clutches of globalization, materialization, industrialization, westernization and the other long list of existing political scams. By the order of structure, the novel starts with the story of Anjum, a trans-woman, precisely a woman trapped in a man‟s body. The time gap is adjusted to tell the story of Anjum right from her birth to the events that led her to the first setting of the graveyard. Through this part of the narrative, Roy molds the one half of the dystopian sphere by etching the caste craze, media politics, gender politics, globalization, islamophobia etc. that rules the democratic India, which cracked the whole set up and demolished the “the ministry of utmost happiness”. The when Anjum and her party on the process of molding the utopia within the necropolis reaches Janata Mantar, the conjoining point of the novel, Anjum falls into a rabbit-hole, and the readers are tangentially taken into another dystopian half, to bring out some characters from that side into the fabrication of the utopia in the necropolis.

 The novel depicts the tales of four college mates, whose lives are intertwined by love. Tilo, the unconventional, rebellious, architect student and a to-be member of Anjum‟s utopia, is the unfulfilled love of the next narrator Biplab Das, who later to become a bureaucrat, Naga later to become a successful journalist and Musa, a Kashmiri forced to intensely involve himself in the struggle for freedom. The other half of the already framed dystopia is created through the star-crossed love of Musa and Tilo by showing the injustice of the government towards the downtrodden marginalized masses like women, poor, Kashmiri people, orphans, untouchables etc. This phase deconstructs the stereotypical notion of hero-worship of army,and the corruption in other governmental institution like police forces, doctors, politicians etc.

The narrative builds up the dystopian society, giving the readers an apocalyptical warning, whereas in the undercurrent Roy creates a utopia, build up by the rejects of the society under the guidance of Anjum. Miss Jebeen the second or Miss Udaya Jabeen is the ultimate diptych link in the narrative, connecting both halves of the dystopia, and is considered as a savior, who would help in the propagation of the maneuver of empathy, which in turn shows Roy‟s hope in the future generation, unlike her tone in The End of Imagination.

Research Methodology Workshop

 I am Asari Bhavyang from English Department in MKBU .We were having Three Sessions in a Workshop and it was conducted on 7th Jan 2022 it was held by Dilip Barad sir and it was a very great experience and we all get to know many more new thing about Research Methodology . and in all three sessions, they all were dealing with a different type of topic which was very attractive and useful.

On Friday Dilip Barad Sir has organized this workshop which was related to Research & Dissertation writing. First Session was conducted by Dr. J P Majmudar Sir on the Importance of Research. Then Second Session was conducted by Dilip Barad Sir who talk about Qualitative Research in Digital Era. Then last but not least third session was conducted by Vaidehi Hariyani Madam she talks about Citation Tools and Techniques.

Dr. J P Majmudar Sir He was a retired person. He was having very good intelligence that he was telling all important things which we have to take care of while doing research and how to write research paper he gave many Example also and he also talk that how Research is important in Ph.D. and at that stage if a Ph.D. person is not Knowing about research so, They have included this paper in post Graduation so, they will at least know that how to write a research paper and by that it will be not new area but it will be familiar to them. Then he also talks that how by reading all the research work which has already been done you may get a new path to think for your topic we have to find a gap of over research topic and we have to just not bluf in our Research topic but have to talk by giving evidence that will prove your point and add incitation that will prove that this was called by other and you agree with who so ever point or disagree and if agree then also give your explanation. The first and main part of your research is to select your topic you have to select the topic in which you are interested, then only you will be able to work nicely. They also inform us that now it will be compulsory to have ph.d degree if you want to be proffer.

Then after break, our Second Session was Conducted by Dilip Barad Sir he has talk about Qualitative Research in Digital Era. In that First Sir Talk about Avoid Plagiarism because it might harm you in Future . we also know that if something is connected to Academic purpose then Citation is important to saw that you have taken this from other and it is authentic and you have not gone throw to any random work. It is oun duty to cite all the things from where you have taken the thing . If we are taking something from book  then also it is our duty to cite , if you are taking from book and you might think that no one might caught you then you are making yourself fool .Once you are caught doing Plagirism then you may have to loss your job also.

Example :- 

1. Hungary's president has to loss his degree due to plagiarism that was a reason that fight was going on.
2. Mr Schmit who has got Gold medal in Olympic from country he has to reatun that due to Plagiarism..
3. German defence ministry has to rezine from his post in ph.d due to plagirism.
4. There are so many Example that people are making suicide due to using Cut+ Copy = Sucide.

How to Know Plagiarism :-

In this there was 10 types of unoriginal work (Plagiarism )

1. Clone :- we can say it is connected with wikipidea information, and I would suggest that don't believe in this type of wikipidea cite and don't cite that.It will make your work doubt.
2. Ctrl+C :- we have to just not copy and past from other cite we have first read from there and write it with our own language.
3. Find- Replace :- In this people are just changing keywords and adding new words for it.(Low Plagiarism)
4. Remix :- In this people are gathering from many cite and making one work.(Low Plagiarism)
5. Recycle :- In this people are publishing there own work time and again .(Low Plagiarism)
6. Hybrid :- In this people are citing only selected cite and remaining they are not citing.(Low Plagiarism)
7. Mashup :- In this they are gathering from all the cite .
8. 404 Error :- in this people are writing about a things which does not exist in this world
9. Aggregator  :- In  this people are only giving information.now able to argurre.
10. Re- tweet :- In this people are talking about others work , that what they think , and what is there oppion.(Low Plagiarism)

we have to inform more and more people to avoid Plagiarism and tell them if they will still do then they might be in problem in future.Internet matters but not for copy past. we have to come up with orignality and now a days there are many machine which will easily catch how much is plagiarism and if your plagiarism will more then 10% then you might have to work again into your topic.

Indentify the Quality of Digital Resource :-

1. Authority :- In this we have to see that all things are proply cited or not and most important thing it to site in order.
2. Educational :- we have see that our Goal of making research is successfully added or not.
3. Internet :-Now a days people are just interested in sell content and not interested in inform user.
4. Originality :-we have to use Journal Article in this then only your work is qualitative research.
5. Quality :-we have not be bayas we have to take good as well as bad thing.

Wisdom

Knowelege

process

Information 

Data

Then Third session was conducted by Vaidehi Hariyani Madam she talks about Citation Tools and Techniques. In that students were divided into 5 group and all has to show that how they are citing during preastation. some were using Citation machine, some from words....

But at the end we saw that without felling all detail there is no any Mechine who is automatically felling all things .we have to fill all thing manually. then madam teaches us how to cite MLA,Journal Article, Youtube video, Image, Dictionary words.......etc.

so, it was very interesting workshop and its was long also but we get to know and more by attended this type of workshop ,I hope you also enjoyed it. I would like to thanks to Dilip Barad sir for organizing this type of Workshop.

conducting Research

 conducting Research:-

1. OBJECTIVES :-

This guide serves to achieve the following;

• To guide students, step-by-step on how to conduct research systematically
• To help students know where relevant material can be located
• To guide students on different types of materials that can be used for academic research

To conduct proper research, one needs to realize that conducting research cannot be done in a 

haphazard manner. To organize or focus the search, the process needs to be keyword driven; 

what you retrieve from a search will be dependent upon the computations you put on the search 

field. Therefore;

• It is advisable to put your topic in question form first
• Then ask some basic questions

 What is the main idea of my paper?

 What specific ideas am I trying to describe or prove?

 What academic discipline does my topic fit into?

 What specific aspect of the topic do I wish to consider?

• Also try to answer the where, when who why and how of your topic

2. LOCATING PUBLISHED INFORMATION

A lot of information is published on every subject imaginable. To retrieve only what’s relevant 

to the topic, you need to identify the type and source of information you collect. The following 

formats are what is acceptable in scholarly research and should form the basis of your research:

• Journals
• Books
• Newspapers
• Government publications
• Primary sources
• The Internet
• Quick reference Publications including Almanacs, Statistical collections, Biographical information, Directories of companies, organizations, and government agencies, Scientific data, Opinion poll data

• General reference publication
• The following are some of the reference sites available online; some are free and some charge a fee for information

 www.encyclopedia.com – a free online encyclopaedia with a general coverage

 http://www.Britannica.com – general coverage encyclopedia

 www.scholar.google.co.za – a search engine linked to the library’s e-resources

 www.sabinet.co.za – a search engine covering South African research papers

 http://journals.sabinet.co.za - The SA ePublications service with the most 

comprehensive, searchable collection of full-text electronic South- and Southern 

African journals in the world (available through SABINET)

 www.isiwebofknowledge.com – a useful citations website with linked full-text 

articles 

 www.emeraldinsight.com – a database dedicated to management research

 www.sciencedirect.com – a comprehensive multidisciplinary database with strong 

emphasis on sciences

 www.ebscohost.com – a multidisciplinary database

 www.jstor.org – Social sciences coverage

 http://stardata.nrf.ac.za/star/ccrplogin.html - Current and completed research 

including thesis and dissertations

 http://ajol.info – African journals

 www.saps.gov.za – crime statistics 

 www.hsrc.co.za – Human Sciences Research Council 

 www.csir.co.za – Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 

 www.gov.za – Government website, for government related information

 www.statsonline.co.za – South African statistics

 www.un.org – United Nations website

3. SEARCH STRATEGIES

A number of strategies can be employed to conduct a search. Depending on the strategy you 

choose, you can either narrow down or expand your search. The following are the methods used 

to conduct a search;

1. Using Boolean Search Terms

Using a Boolean search allows you to define the relationships between keywords and phrases by 

using AND, OR and NOT to enlarge or narrow the search. For example:

• Search for: HIV AND rural women
• Result: all records containing both HIV and rural women
• Search for: HIV OR rural women
• Result: all records containing either HIV or rural women
• Search for: HIV NOT rural women
• Result: all records containing HIV but not rural women

Boolean search terms can also be used in combination with each other to construct complex 

searches. For example:

• Search for: HIV OR treatment AND rural women NOT testing
• Result: all records containing either HIVor treatment AND rural women - but not testing

2. Using Quotations (“ ’’)

Putting quotation marks around search term narrows a search considerably. If you are interested 

in the impact of computers on writing instruction, for instance, you could search for the exact 

phrases, "computers and writing instruction" or "computer-assisted writing instruction." 

3. Using Wild Card Symbols

Wild card symbols can be used to expand a search in cases where one is not sure of spellings. 

() – expands search by entering only root of a word - Entering writ into the search field will 

allow writ, write, writes, writer and written, as well as writing to be returned in your search 

results, whereas entering writing will result only in returning all records that include the word 

writing.

(?) – helpful in retrieving possible spellings of word in a keyword - is useful for including 

possible spellings of a word in a keyword search. For example: 

Entering "S?weitzer" into the search field when unsure of the spelling of Albert Schweitzer's last 

name, will return records with both "Schweitzer" and "Sweitzer" in the search results. As it turns 

out, both are common spellings of the great humanitarian's name.

(%) – use to match any string of 0 or more characters - J%son – matches; Jason, Jackson and 

Johnson.

4. Using Specific Publication Information

Bibliographic details of a book can be combined with search phrases to narrow down a search 

when using a keyword search. Details that can be entered are titles, authors and publication 

dates.

8. EVALUATING JOURNAL ARTICLES

In order to determine whether what you retrieved is relevant to your search here is a checklist:

(substantially reproduced from http://lib.colostate.edu/howto/evaljrl2.html

• Purpose: Why was the article written: to inform, to present opinions, to report research 

or to sell a product? For what audience is it intended?

• Authority: What are the author's credentials? Are qualifications, experience, and/or 

institutional affiliation given? Is the publisher and the author reputable?

• Accuracy: Is the information correct and free from errors?
• Timeliness/Currency: Is the information current enough or does it provide the proper 

historical context for your research needs? Know the time needs of your topic and 

examine the timeliness of the article; is it: up-to-date, out-of-date, or timeless? 

• Coverage: Does the article cover the topic in depth, partially or is it a broad overview? 

Does the information substantiate

• Objectivity: Does the information show bias or does it present multiple viewpoints?

Does the information appear to be well-researched?

• Illustrations: Are charts, graphs, maps, photographs, etc. used to illustrate concepts? Are 

the illustrations relevant? Are they clear and professional-looking?

• Bibliography: Scholarly works always contain a bibliography of the resources that were 

consulted. The references in this list should be in sufficient quantity and be appropriate 

for the content.

Research & Dissertation Writing Workshop

 Hello Readers,

I am Asari Bhavyang, a student of  Department of English in MKBU . It was conducted on 4 Jan 2022.I am glad that Dilip Barad Sir has arranged Research & Dissertation Writing Workshop so, we get ideas.

I am glad that Dr. Clement Ndoricimpa was the resource person of this workshop, and we all are familiar with them because when he got his Ph.D. degree that we were with them and we have seen his hard work in his Ph.D. viva during that viva also he was able to give all question answer with confidence. He has come from Africa to get his degree in Bhavnagar. it is a big success for us that we are completing our Master's degree from Dilip Barad sir who is spending more and more time with his students and he wants his student to achieve success in all the fields without any expectation.

Learning Outcome:-

When First I Heard about Research & dissertations at that time I was a little bit confused and does not know that where to start? and what to do? , What will be the Structure ? and what argumentation will I do ?, all type of question was in my mind but I would say this workshop helped a lot in understanding Research and Dissertation. First, we have to select our topic which type of research we want to do either related to literary work, ELt, Myth...Etc... After deciding on any topic then we have to only think about only one work in that work what we want to see or in which angle we want to show that work or this much work has already done in this field and I want to do my research in this direction. Then we should know what type of Arrangement we are going to do with our topic and in society what is the mindset of people and how society is thinking about that topic, we can say we have to come out of the box and think or think about the larger picture, that what impact it will raise in society. we have to do research on that type of topic which another scholar has not a thing about it.

A researcher has to keep in his mind that he has to just not bluff that he fill this and that.. but, Researcher has to prove his statement by giving evidence that he is not just buffing but he has studied article then he agree with him or disagree that he or she has to define there give his argument that why he agree and why he does not disagree. He or she must try to prove his argument.

• Concept of Research:-

Research should be Scientific and systematic then only we can say your research or Dissertation is in the right direction otherwise there is some problem. There should be clarification in your work because without clarification if we are doing any research then while sharing your thoughts you will also feel that am I going on the wrong path or at the end you should conclude your point or be able to justify that whatever was my question all answers I got in my research. 

If your topic is related to ELT then you have to think about some practical tasks. In that u can think for sample work in that u can see that we have to decide that that for which person you are doing research either Collge student or Department student or scholar because we have to see that while doing sample work the student does not aware that some experiment is happing with them otherwise they will conscious about there writing so, I would suggest you all that if you are selecting ELT as your research then you should see that student should not be concise. We can take the example of the student exam sheet because at that time they might not be in conscious mind so, I think that will help the researcher as well as a scholar.

• Type of Research:-

I think most of our group has selected their research on culture and Historical work. As we have to complete this Dissertation in three months so, Dilip Barad sir has suggested that don't think about the research topic you have only three months so, select that topic which you can easily do. from my observation I found that there is less number of students or non that they are preferring to do Descriptive and correlation work. we can see that in Historical research we have to first see the past event that what was happened and what type of work was done and now what new you want to interpret and what was the gap of that research. it is told that we have to join all the dote then we will able to do your successful research by filling all type of dote. 

• Characteristics of Research:-

It is good to connect all dots it means you have to think of a large picture or think about a large perspective that what impact it will be on society. we have to see what others have to work in that field and what expectations they are not able to see, why they do see from that angle if the story would be like this then?. if we are reading any article then he or she might is hundred percent correct that we do not have to think we have to doubt them time and again and start questioning to your own work then you will get an answer if, there is no question then your path is wrong. ask yourself a question. if you will question your work then it will generate a new question in your mind then you have to start in search of your answer. It will impact your knowledge and you will get more and more Knowledge and then your knowledge will also increase.

• Research process:- 

This first of all it's upon students that they should be ready with their topic and choose that type of topic that you are interested in if you will choose that type of topic which you are not interested then you will be in a problem. first, we have to see that is there any problem with their work. if there is any problem then try to get an answer.

• Data Collection & Analysis:- First we have to collect all data of your work by any way by reading your original work related to your topic that will be the best part, then you can also read from an online book or pdf work . after gathering your data then you have to Analysis your all collected work.

How to write the dissertation:-

1. Introduction:- In this, we have to talk about the work or what type of criticism or theory which you are going to explain that we have to include in this first part and we have to explain in detail your point you have to start with the beginning how it developed and how it started spreading and ht type of effect it happens in society.
2. literary review:-In this, we have to see that other people have worked on your topic or not if they have worked then you have to see that they have worked on which field and in which field all have yet not started thinking.
3. Analyzing in different types of the chapter:- we have to put over point in our research paper but not with our own word we have come with the argument that has done in research paper so, you will try to prove that you agree with them or not and if yes then you have to give reason and explain if yes, then why and if no, then why ..
4. Argument:- you have to give strong arguments that proves that you are able to defend him or your research is strong with the argument.
5. conclusion:-In all research this conclusion will be in your words and in that you will tell that what you were already done and what new you found during this research .that will be your final answer in conclusion
6. Citation:- It is the main part of your research you have to add all citations in your research which of all argument of you have to referred to that article. 

Translation Workshop

 Hello Readers!

I am Asari Bhavyang and I am studying in Mkbu and our professor Dilip Barad sir has arranged one workshop related to Translation, so they have invited Dr. Vishal Bhadani on  3rd Jan 2022. so, let's begin...

1) has your understanding of translation improved?

yes, I can definitely say that my translation has not improved. as we think that translation is quite an easy task and it is easy for all to translate, but u are wrong, when you will start translating any work then you will definitely realize that that how hard is it, I am not telling you will never ever do a translation but my point is that you will need practice then only you can easily do your translation. yes, it is sure that in starting you will face many problems and you will continually refer to dictionary but as you will spend more and more time with it then you will surely improve. and by attending that session I also came to not many Gujarati words which translation is hard to do. then also it quite a difficult task. and I would suggest to you that don't think that translation is useless and it does not help you in getting income, by translation also you can get income and I would say you may get a better amount of money than the government salary. if you are not translating then start translating .new world is waiting for u.

2) can write about translation in terms of metaphors?

yes, I can try to use metaphor in terms of translation as Dr. Vishal Bhadani  sir has use and given many example of moon that is use at metaphor and it give use shine and it is nature element and then second element is Ganesh which is mythical character and we can see that how hanuman face is transpered into elephant nor any other animals. then we get see the example of ramayan that it is use as disctorny and words with the help of that sentence is made . then we get to know about to different culture one is from japanes and second one was from indian both the people have there oun culture and they are known by there culture by there oun culture. then we get too see cat as metaphor that when she is staring at the chess board that show that she is going to talk move in in the life also if we take one wrong step then our entire life if damage or our entire life will be change into new world. It is not easy task that we can study metaphor or we can use metaphor but slowly and steadly when we will have our experience of life then it will easy for us to use methapher.

3) what according to you in the most difficult aspect of practical translation?

definitely  i will say that it is not and easy task to translate any of the work specially the work which is translated in gujrati into English because as sire mention during session that there are many words in gujrati that it is hard for a person to translate that word and i hope same thing happen with all other language . 

Example :- I would like to give Example of Big Boss then in that house it is rule that all have to use only Hindi Language, but we can in that reality show that while fighting or while sharing felling they are naturally only able to fight in English either they want to make fool to their audience or either it's natural prossses . But I have seen when they are crying that time also they are speaking in English . So, it's very hard for any one to only talk in one language.

4) learning outcome from the workshop? 

See, I will not tell lie but it was very Amazing workshop and I got to learn many new things from that workshop , before that I was just thinking that translation is an easy process but when we do practical then we realise then we can not translate in our mother toungh also and if once you will start loving translation then you will enjoy . I would tell my outcome that I also started feeling that yes , translation is having a good type of scope that if once he started loving then there is no another that can push you back .

Neo-colonialism: with reference to Petals of Blood

 Neo-colonialism: with reference to Petals of Blood:-

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o :-

In 1977, Prof. Ngugi’s life and career took a dramatic turn. Petals of blood painted a harsh and unflinching picture of life in neo-colonial Kenya. That same year Prof. Ngugi’s controversial play, Ngaahika Ndeenda , written with Ngugi wa Mirii, was performed at the Kamirithu Educational and Cultural Centre, Limuru, in an open-air theatre. Sharply critical of the inequalities and injustices of Kenyan society, Prof. Ngugi was arrested and imprisoned without charge at Kamiti Maxium Security Prison. An account of those experiences can be found in his memoir, Detained: a writer’s prison diary. After Amnesty International had named him as a Prisoner of Conscience an international campaign secured his release a year later in December 1978. He resumed his writings and his activities in the theatre and in so doing, continued to be a thorn in the side of the Moi dictatorship. While in Britain for the launch and promotion of Devil on the cross, he learned about the Moi regime’s plot to eliminate him on his return. This forced him into exile, firstly in Britain  and then in the USA . He remained in exile for the duration of the Moi dictatorship. When he and his wife, Njeeri returned to Kenya in 2004 after twenty-two years in exile, they were attacked by four hired gunmen and narrowly escaped with their lives.

Petals of Blood:-

The allegorical nature of Petals of Blood is another factor that can be seen as Ngugi’s effort to recreate revolutionary consciousness. As an allegory, Petals of Blood is aimed at recreating a representation of a neo-colonial Kenyan state through characters, places, and events that mirror the reality of the actual post-independence Kenyan state.

Neo-colonialism: with reference to Petals of Blood :-

As we already know that due to Colonialism colonize came and that's how the problem started and the government started establishing and started ruling they were struggling because of "Elite Africans" we can also see Illusion of power that means who were in power position they were ruling upon poor people or we can also say that African people.

Petals of Blood is situated in the revolutionary nationalism voicing proletariat class perspective. It is very straight in its ideological persuasions, as Ngugi has left behind all social ambivalences and equivocations by this time. Mau-Mau here becomes a full-fledged national liberation movement, and is free from all those ambivalences that we find in the earlier trilogy.

The titanic battle in Petals of Blood is not only for the homecoming of the wretched of Kenya alone or of Africa but of the whole world. Though nativism in the shape of Gikuyu patriotic songs and Swahili expressions is quite audible in Petals of Blood, the novel takes on a pan-nationalist and universalist perspective. Ngugi's nationalist commitment does not restrict or limit his artistic perspective. As a truly socialist artist, he accepts all that is progressive and valuable, from great artists of other countries.

The novel displays Ngugi's fierce commitment to the cause of peasants and workers or 'the wretched of the earth' who through their resistance efforts, get transformed from the objects of pity into the subjects of history. Ngugi in order to become the voice of the powerless and the proletariat consciously chose to "unclass" himself and lingered to achieve a "de-intellectualized" stance. But his class-located interest and his fierce political commitment makes his novel more pronounced, theatrical and partisan in nature.

The story opens like a detective novel with its three main characters- Munira, Abdullah and Karega-in jail, as suspects, being interrogated in the murder of three African directors-Chui, Kimeria and Mzigo, of the Theng'eta Brewery Ltd. The fourth suspect Wanja is convalescing in a hospital from burn injuries. Munira is the recording consciousness of the novel. Therefore, the structure of the novel is Munira's recollections as he sits in his cell, writing copious notes in order to clarify, to explain, to ascertain and to come to terms with himself as well as to satisfy the queries of the probing Chief Inspector Godfrey who shares half identity with Munira.This way inspector Godfrey's interrogation of Munira becomes Munira's self-introspection and the whole novel becomes a direct interior monologue where Munira's self is inextricably woven with the external socio-political reality of Kenya. Petals of Blood emerges from Munira's prison diary almost narrating sequentially twelve years of history, from old Ilmorog to New Ilomorog since Uhuru. Though most of Munira's reminiscences are in sequential order, yet they overflow into the various historical periods, for example the time of 1895, when colonialism made its sly entry into Kenya etc. The novel is interwoven through two time frameworks-one in the present in which Munira writes his notes on what happened where, when and why, during his twelve day interrogation in the jail and the other is the historic time which is that of twelve years since Uhuru, which has brought Munira and others and Kenya and Africa to such a pass. The imprisonment of the central characters throughout the narrative symbolically suggests the manacled spirits and liminality of the people in Africa.